# BOFORS NOBEL, INC.
> **Judicial** · FY1998 · — · —
## Case
- **Activity ID:** `31213`
- **Case Number:** 05-1998-0634
- **Type:** Judicial
- **Lead:** EPA
- **Outcome:** —
- **Penalty assessed:** —
- **Cost recovery:** —
- **Compliance action $:** $35.00M
- **Multimedia (multi-env):** N
## Defendants
- AKZO NOBEL, N.V. AND AKZO NOBEL, A.B. (complaint) (settlement)
- AMERICAN CYANAMID COMPANY (complaint) (settlement)
- BISSELL, INC. (complaint) (settlement)
- BOFORS NOBEL, INC. (settlement)
- CONTINENTAL OIL COMPANY (complaint) (settlement)
- DOW AGROSCIENCES
- DOWELANCO (complaint) (settlement)
- E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS (settlement)
- ELI LILLY AND COMPANY (complaint) (settlement)
- GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY (complaint) (settlement)
- IBM CORPORATION (complaint) (settlement)
- LOMAC, INC. (complaint) (settlement)
- MALLINCKRODT
- MONSANTO
- SHELL OIL
- SMITHKLINE BEECHAM
- UNION CARBIDE
## Summary

THE BOFORS NOBEL SITE COMPRISES APPROXIMATELY 85 ACRES,      LOCATED 6 MILES EAST OF DOWNTOWN MUSKEGON, MICHIGAN.  THE    SITE INCLUDES A CURRENTLY OPERATING SPECIALTY CHEMICAL       PRODUCTION FACILITY, AND UNUSED LANDFILL, AND 10 ABANDONED   SLUDGE LAGOONS.  BIG BLACK CREEK BORDERS THE SOUTHERN POR-   TION OF THE SITE.  LAKEWAY CHEMICALS, INC. ( LAKEWAY ), AND  ITS PRINCIPAL, NORMAND PHANEUF, BEGAN PRODUCING INDUSTRIAL   CHEMICALS AT THE SITE IN AROUND 1960.  IN THE 1970S, LAKEWAY BEGAN ITS  TOLLING  BUSINESS, MANUFACTURING CHEMICALS FOR,   AND TO THE SPECIFICATIONS OF, OTHER COMPANIES.  THE TOLLING  OPERATION MAY AT TIMES HAVE MADE UP 50% OF LAKEWAY'S SALES.  THE PLANT PRODUCED ALCOHOL-BASED DETERGENTS, SACCHARIN,      PESTICIDES, HERBICIDES, AND DYE INTERMEDIATES.  LAKEWAY USED OPEN, UNLINED LAGOONS FOR WASTEWATER AND SLUDGE DISPOSAL     UNTIL APPROXIMATELY 1976. WASTES DISPOSED OF IN THE LAGOONS  INCLUDED IRON SLUDGE, IRON SCALE, 3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE     ( DCB ) AND OTHER ORGANIC WASTES, ZINC OXIDE WASTE, WASTES   GENERATED FROM SPILLS, CALCIUM SULFATE SLUDGE AND DETERGENT  WASTES.  DCV, WHICH WAS ONE OF LAKEWAY'S MAJOR PRODUCTS, IS  THE PRIMARY CONTAMINANT DRIVING THE CLEANUP.  IN THE 1970S,  THE MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ( MDNR , NOW    THE MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OR ( MDEQ ) DISCOVERED MANY OF THESE CONTAMINANTS IN GROUNDWATER AT THE  SITE AND IN BIG BLACK CREEK.  IN 1976, AS A RESULT OF MNDR   ENFORCEMENT ACTION, LAKEWAY INSTALLE

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*Source: [EPA ECHO](https://echo.epa.gov/) · AI Analytics · CC0 1.0*