# A novel PCR-based method for quantification of antibody-dependent clearance of HIV-1 reservoirs

> **NIH NIH R21** · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · 2020 · $236,250

## Abstract

Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) does not cure HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 mainly persists in
a small pool of latently infected, resting memory CD4+ T cells. None of antiretroviral drugs can
target latent HIV-1. Current approaches to purging the viral reservoirs involve pharmacologic
reactivation of HIV-1 transcription by agents that reverse viral latency. Induction of viral-specific
host immune responses is required to eliminate infected cells in which HIV-1 gene transcription
has been induced by latency reversal agents (LRAs). Antibodies targeting HIV-1 envelope protein
(Env) can mediate killing of HIV-1-infected cells through antibody effector functions such as
antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis
(ADCP). Recent progress in broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies (bNAb) brought new hope to
purge the HIV-1 latent reservoirs. Antibody dependent cytolysis or phagocytosis of HIV-1-infected
cells relies on the induction of HIV-1 env expression. Standard quantitative PCR-based
measurement of cell-associated HIV-1 RNA utilize primers and probe that target HIV-1 gag, which
is part of the unspliced full-length viral genomic RNA. Vast majority of the integrated HIV-1
proviruses in patients under cART contain lethal mutations and/or deletions but still carry entire or
part of the gag ORF and can transcribe truncated viral RNA. There are two major issues when
using standard gag qPCR to evaluate bNAb-LRA efficacy: 1) it detects viral genomes that can be
transcribed despite carrying lethal mutations or deletions which are irrelevant to the HIV-1
reservoirs; 2) it only detects unspliced viral genomic RNA which is always detectable at low levels
even without LRA treatment, and is not well correlated with production of spliced viral mRNAs. To
date, there is no quantitative assay to determine the induction of HIV-1 Env mRNA by LRAs. It is
not possible to properly evaluate LRA and bNAb combination therapy for HIV-1 cure without
confirming and quantifying HIV-1 Env production. We have developed a novel qPCR-based
approach to quantitatively measure the singly spliced HIV-1 vpu/env mRNA. We propose to study
whether this novel approach can faithfully monitor induction of HIV-1 Env at the transcriptional
level by LRAs in patient CD4+ T cells and assess reduction of vpu/env transcripts by bNAb-LRA
therapy. We also plan to test whether this assay can be used to measure the frequency of latent
HIV-1 compared to the standard quantitative viral outgrowth assay. This new assay will provide
guidance to the optimization of LRA and bNAb combination treatment strategies for HIV cure.

## Key facts

- **NIH application ID:** 10012578
- **Project number:** 1R21AI150418-01A1
- **Recipient organization:** WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
- **Principal Investigator:** LIANG SHAN
- **Activity code:** R21 (R01, R21, SBIR, etc.)
- **Funding institute:** NIH
- **Fiscal year:** 2020
- **Award amount:** $236,250
- **Award type:** 1
- **Project period:** 2020-08-10 → 2022-07-31

## Primary source

NIH RePORTER: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10012578

## Citation

> US National Institutes of Health, RePORTER application 10012578, A novel PCR-based method for quantification of antibody-dependent clearance of HIV-1 reservoirs (1R21AI150418-01A1). Retrieved via AI Analytics 2026-05-24 from https://api.ai-analytics.org/grant/nih/10012578. Licensed CC0.

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