ABSTRACT Chronic sleep disturbance is a frequent and challenging problem of human aging. In the US an estimated 39.6 million people including 8.5 million Veterans are aged 65 or older and at risk of developing chronic sleep disturbance. Chronic insufficient or disrupted sleep is associated with multiple adverse health outcomes, including increased risk of fall, cognitive decline, anxiety, depressive disorders, and Alzheimer's disease. Also, elderly Veterans have a high prevalence of medical and psychiatric disorders that can further aggravate sleep disturbance. Recently, we found that chronic suppression of hypothalamic cell proliferation in young mice produced sleep-wake features of aging including sleep disruption and poor response to sleep loss. Here, we proposes a series of novel preclinical studies that will use complimentary and cutting edge approaches to examine: a) if hypothalamic neurogenesis regulates sleep function by maintaining a supply of new cells to replace senescent sleep-regulatory ventrolateral preoptic area galanin (VLPOGAL) and GABA (VLPOGABA) neurons; b) if a disruption of hypothalamic neurogenesis, caused by chronic inflammation that accompanies aging, contributes to physiological dysfunction and or loss of the critical sleep-regulatory VLPOGAL and VLPOGABA neurons and consequent sleep disturbance in aging; and c) if sleep disturbance in aging could be mitigated by neuro-regenerative and anti-inflammatory approaches. Specific aim-1: will determine if hypothalamic neurogenesis is vital for maintaining the functioning of the VLPO sleep regulatory neuronal groups and that its impairment is a driver of their functional decline and sleep disruption in aging. We will determine the extent of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation of precursor cells into sleep regulatory VLPOGAL and VLPOGABA neurons and their sleep-associated activation in young and old mice, and in young mice after chronic suppression of neurogenesis (experiment-1). We predict that old mice or mice with impaired hypothalamic neurogenesis will exhibit: a) a decline in cell proliferation and differentiation of precursor cells into VLPOGAL and VLPOGABA neurons, b) fewer VLPOGAL and VLPOGABA neurons exhibiting seep-associated Fos-immunoreactivity; and c) more sleep disruption. We will use calcium imaging to determine if VLPOGAL neurons exhibit a functional decline, paralleling the deficits in spontaneous and impaired homeostatic sleep responses in aging (experiment-2). We will use chemogenetic activation to determine the ability of VLPOGAL neurons to promote sleep after disrupting neurogenesis, a low grade inflammation, and after disrupting neurogenesis in the presence of a neurogenic factor to determine if a decline in the ability of VLPOGAL neurons to promote sleep after chronic suppression of hypothalamic neurogenesis is attenuated by ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). Specific aim-2: will determine if increasing hypothalamic cell proliferation and n...