The Center for Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES Center) is a 25 year consortium that develops and deploys rehabilitation treatments based on functional electrical stimulation (FES) for Veterans and civilians with neurological, autonomic, psychiatric, pain, and other disorders. The VISION of the Cleveland FES Center is broad - to perform cutting edge research and creative engineering, and to then transition these discoveries and technologies into the clinical environment to create effective, clinically-available options for patients and the people who care for them. The MISSION of the FES Center, however, is very clear and tightly focused - to develop interventions based on the electrical stimulation of the nervous system to replace or compensate for natural neural function lost due to neurological disease or injury. The scope of FES Center research has evolved and expanded significantly during the current five year funding cycle to reflect new scientific discoveries and new clinical opportunities. This proposal represents this evolution and thus describes the five research thrusts of the FES Center for the next five years: (1) MOVEMENT RESTORATION: restoring limb, respiratory, and other body movements; (2) BRAIN HEALTH: brain stimulation interventions for movement disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease), stroke and traumatic brain injuries, epilepsy, and neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as brain recording technologies; (3) PAIN: pain mitigation through stimulation of peripheral nerves and the spinal cord; (4) AUTONOMIC SYSTEMS: autonomic nervous system stimulation for restoration and/or regulation of internal body and visceral functions; and (5) TECHNOLOGY AND TOOLS: development of basic stimulation techniques, implantable systems and electrodes, modeling and simulation tools, and other rehabilitation approaches complementary to FES. These seemingly diverse research thrusts in fact share a deep foundation of basic knowledge, use similar and often identical technologies, and rely on a proven model of genuine clinical-technical partnerships. The FES Center has built a critical mass of investigators in each of these research thrust areas, and will continue to pursue research in important new clinical areas where FES may provide effective treatments. FES Center research thrusts are tightly aligned with the priorities of the VA RR&D Service, and FES Center investigators are leaders in the national and local rehabilitation communities. The FES Center operates with core funding from the VA Rehabilitation Research and Development Service and uses these resources to broadly enable the success of its investigators by providing a unique technical infrastructure, specialized research services (regulatory, statistical, medical illustration, inter-institutional administrative support), development of key industrial and academic relationships, and communication to potential patients, other scientists, and to the general public. The consortium structure ...