PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Food insecurity affects one in seven households with children in the United States and disproportionately impacts those headed by women and minorities. Food insecurity is associated with childhood obesity, asthma, anxiety and depression and behavioral problems, and thus contributes to health disparities. While food insecurity likely contributes to poor health through its effect on diet, such a simplistic understanding likely obscures the effects of stress – those unique to childhood, such as Adverse Childhood Experiences including maternal depression, as well as those generally associated with the experience of poverty. To inform the mechanisms by which food insecurity ultimately affects physical and mental health outcomes in children, this study will disentangle the effects of food insecurity from those of poverty and examine effects on diet, biomarkers, weight gain, mood and behavior while considering other childhood adversities. Specifically, through a unique summertime meal provision intervention, the proposed project will isolate the experience of food insecurity in children, ages 8-12 years, from low-income households in Providence, RI. In partnership with the YMCA of Greater Providence and the Healthy Communities Office in Providence, we will recruit 100 children over two summers. After completing a baseline assessment, participants will be randomized to the Food Insecure or Food Secure groups. Children randomized to the Food Insecure group will experience the natural onset of summertime food insecurity and receive a weekly newsletter on community resources that is not expected to affect food insecurity. Those randomized to the Food Secure group will remain food secure over the summer through receipt of weekly shipments of five breakfast and lunch meals that meet the nutrition needs of this age group. Primary endpoints include diet quality, biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome, inflammation, and stress, BMI z-scores, and child measures of behavior and anxiety and depression symptoms. We will also explore the impact of caregiver mood and stress on the health effects of food insecurity. Ultimately, findings from this research will clarify the mechanisms by which food insecurity affects child health outcomes and inform how to more effectively prevent food insecurity. They will also provide the foundation for an R01 application and further training for Dr. Evans (PI) to establish an independent research career focused on understanding the role of diet in the prevention of health disparities in disadvantaged youth.