PROJECT SUMMARY Diabetes, obesity and insulin resistance (IR) are associated with chronic inflammation implicated in the development of numerous vascular complications, including atherosclerosis, which are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the affected population. However traditional glycemic control and anti-inflammatory therapies have been quite ineffective in controlling the progression of complications, underscoring the need for more in-depth examination of underlying mechanisms. In the previous funding period, we made a major impact by demonstrating, for the first time, the involvement of epigenetics and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in promoting inflammation and cellular dysfunction in monocyte/macrophages under diabetic conditions. However, it is still unclear how these epigenetic layers can also inhibit endogenous protective factors leading to de- repression of inflammation in diabetes and obesity. Moreover, it is not clear how the epigenetic cross-talk between novel lncRNAs and enhancers regulate active versus repressed chromatin states to control the balance between inflammation and anti-inflammation, and if this cross-talk is disrupted in diabetes/obesity/IR. Studies in this renewal will address this critical gap in knowledge by establishing a novel role for protective lncRNAs acting via epigenetic mechanisms. This is supported by extensive new preliminary data, including the identification of two lncRNAs that are downregulated in monocytes (monos) from type 2 diabetic subjects, and in macrophages (macs) from obese mice. They have anti-inflammatory functions in monocytes/macrophages. Genes proximal to these lncRNAs with monos/mac-related functions, and overlapping enhancers, are also mis-regulated. We thus hypothesize that diabetes and obesity re-program the monos/mac transcriptome and epigenome to down-regulate key protective lncRNAs, and modulate related enhancers, resulting in upregulation of genes that promote monos/mac inflammation, activation and dysfunction. This will be tested via three Specific Aims: Specific Aim 1 will determine the upstream mechanisms regulating the two newly identified anti-inflammatory lncRNAs, and the functional consequences of their downregulation by diabetic/IR stimuli. Specific Aim 2 will define the downstream targets and epigenetic mechanisms of actions of these lncRNAs in regulating genes involved in monos/mac dysfunction under diabetic conditions. Specific Aim 3 will determine the in vivo functions of candidate lncRNAs using mouse models of diabetic inflammatory vascular complications. This innovative study uses cutting-edge genomics, RNA targeting and translational approaches that can alter existing paradigms and have a positive impact by uncovering new lncRNA mediated epigenetic regulation of inflammation in diabetes. The outcomes can significantly advance our understanding of the dysregulated lncRNA-Ome in diabetic vascular complications with potentially far reaching clinical and t...