Identification of neuroimaging-based markers sensitive to mild neurotrauma and neuropsychological markers of cognitive disruption is vital toward addressing the complex treatment needs of the large number of Veterans with histories of mTBI. Although neuroimaging methods, particularly in the area of diffusion imaging (dMRI) continue to show promise, there are significant limitations in the traditional, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) based approach in white matter (WM), where a high degree of heterogeneity of WM axon orientations and sampling from disparate tissue types within a voxel contribute to inaccurate estimates of tissue properties. These limitations, inherent in standard and widely used DTI methods, likely attenuate DTI sensitivity in the detection of mild forms of neurotrauma, particularly in key, complex WM regions shown to be most susceptible to mTBI. Likewise, cognitive research findings have been mixed, with conflicting reports and unclear cognitive outcomes that likely cloud and confuse clinical decision-making. The heterogeneity of TBI, differences in injury characteristics, and a non-uniform cognitive profile among affected Veterans likely contribute to the decreased sensitivity and inconsistency shown across available studies that have typically leveraged traditional means-based comparisons of neuropsychological test scores. Indeed, indicators of mTBI often fail to align with imaging findings, as well the cognitive and functional outcomes reported by Veterans with histories of mTBI. In the proposed study, we seek to apply new tools and methods in order to more sensitively examine WM disruption and neuropsychological performance in 60 Veterans with mTBI and 60 Veterans without a history of TBI. Participants will complete a broad neurocognitive assessment and will undergo an dMRI scan. We propose that leveraging a novel neuroimaging approach—one that is robust to the limitations inherent in standard DTI protocols—will enable investigation of WM proximal to the sulcal depths where all-cause mTBI is thought to inflict the greatest damage given shearing effects in the gray-white matter border zone. We will use dMRI acquisition and analysis methods which combine single and double pulsed field gradient dMRI acquisitions via a novel technique called Joint Estimation Diffusion Imaging (JEDI) to integrate diffusion information at the voxel and subvoxel level. Equilibrium probability (EP), an anisotropy measure that is more robust to the complexities of crossing fibers and partial voluming effects, will be calculated using JEDI. In particular, we will interrogate EP of voxels residing within the border between the gray and WM within frontal the sulcal depths. Simulation and histopathological studies show these regions to be most susceptible to acute and distal effects of mild neurotrauma given shearing effects that are particularly damaging because of differing tissue densities of the gray-white border. Second, given our recent work showing...