Project Summary Since the early 1990s, large investments in schooling expansion in sub-Saharan Africa have been driven by the removal of primary and secondary school fees. These policies increased the number of children who have ever attended school and increased the duration of schooling. Analyses of the demographic impact of these policies have focused on women’s reproductive outcomes and with few exceptions ignored the question of whether educational expansion has affected the reproductive outcomes of men or shifted spousal decision-making dynamics. This omission is problematic for several reasons. First, men have benefitted from recent policies expanding access to schooling, in many contexts benefiting more than women. Second, evidence from studies of couples suggests that fertility outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa may be more closely associated with husbands’ than wives’ fertility intentions and educational attainment. Third, the educational composition of the population shapes status differences between husbands and wives, which influences reproductive behavior within couples. This project builds on previous work conducted by the PI about the expansion of girls’ schooling in sub- Saharan Africa and the causal consequences of girls’ schooling expansion for the timing of first birth and first marriage. It explores a set of complementary analyses focused on the consequences of schooling expansion for men. This project will use secondary data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from Ethiopia, Malawi, and Uganda. The first section of the project will use a two-stage least squares (2SLS) regression to leverage the free primary education policies (FPE) implemented in these countries and identify the causal effect of education on men’s fertility preferences, gender role attitudes, and tolerance of intimate partner violence (Aim 1). In the second section of the project, DHS data from the same set of countries over the period 1998-2016 will be used to examine changes over time in the association between husbands’ and wives’ educational attainment, fertility preferences, reproductive decision-making, and contraceptive use (Aim 2). Variations in the patterns of association across outcomes and countries will be used to build theory about how educational attainment affects men’s demographic outcomes.