PROJECT SUMMARY Research discoveries across the basic and clinical neurosciences are accelerating. Well-trained physician- scientists are urgently needed to make discoveries that impact patients with neurological disorders. However, the traditional curriculum for resident training in the clinical neurosciences does not provide the educational infrastructure or blocks of protected time to conduct basic or clinical research. To address this critical need, the Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS) established in 2012 an NIH- supported R25 neurology research-resident training program. We have since recruited and mentored many outstanding residents to successful supplemental funding applications and career development awards. In addition, the ISMMS Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery have both experienced substantial growth of federally-funded research and educational programs. We propose a combined Mount Sinai Neurology and Neurosurgery Resident-Researcher Training Program, building on a strong and established academic synergy between our departments and our shared vision of training the next generation of neurology- and neurosurgery-scientists to address neurological diseases. The proposal is based on the concept that a formal research-residency training program will provide the infrastructure, mentorship, and protected research time needed for neurology and neurosurgery resident researchers to transition into successful physician-scientist careers. Specific aims are: (1): To continue formal mentored training of neurology research residents in the basic, translational, and clinical neurosciences; (2) To expand this research residency program in size and scope to include neurosurgery residents, forming a highly integrated neurology and neurosurgery research-resident training program, and in diversity, from successful strategies implemented in our resident recruitment processes in recent years. The proposed program will capitalize on several unique features, including onset of research training upon residency entry, a diverse and talented pool of residents, faculty with established research programs and extramural funding, prominent mentorship experience, a mentorship plan projected through fellowship and faculty development, outstanding core facilities and shared resources, and an integrated educational program, including training in best research practices and ethical scientific practices across a career. The program will train at least one resident per year and include at least 6-12 months of protected research time during residency and one year post-residency with training, mentoring, and guidance to lead to the submission of a career development award during this period, and eventually to the establishment of an independent research program. Success will be judged by trainees obtaining mentored K08 and K23 support from NIH, independent NIH funding (R01 award), academic placement, and research impact.