The Center on Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES Center) is a global leader in neurostimulation and neuromodulation research that addresses the unmet rehabilitation needs of Veterans and civilians with neurological, autonomic, psychiatric, pain, and other disorders. The Vision of the FES Center is to “transform rehabilitation” by making truly substantial improvements in rehabilitation treatments and to develop novel, effective rehabilitation treatments for unserved and underserved patient populations. The specific Mission of the FES Center is to develop interventions based on external modulation of nervous systems to replace or compensate for natural neural function lost due to neural disease or injury. Because the nervous system directly controls or influences most body functions, and because FES systems "speak the language" of the nervous system, FES can be used to address a broad range of neurological disorders. FES Center objectives are purposely aligned with the clinical needs of Veterans and the priorities of the VA Rehabilitation R&D Service. The scientific and administrative home of the FES Center is the Louis Stokes Cleveland Veteran Affairs Medical Center, and an additional four institutions are included within the FES Center consortium: Case Western Reserve University, MetroHealth Medical Center, University Hospitals, and the Cleveland Clinic. The FES Center nurtures and supports a multi-disciplinary research community by providing specialized shared resources and infrastructure, leveraging its resources to have broad impact across a wide range of rehabilitation challenges by enabling many investigator-led lines of rehabilitation research. The FES Center attracts and maintains top research talent, strategically guides research directions to focus on Veteran priorities, facilitates institutional synergies and individual collaborations, and provides unique support, including: targeted infrastructure (e.g., equipment, laboratory space, statistical support, medical illustration, bioethics guidance, rehabilitation needs assessments, clinical trials), local community building (through seminars, retreats, social events, and “match making”), national leadership in rehabilitation research, and strong connections to relevant industry and to VA and other translational research programs. FES Center researchers perform cutting edge research across 5 different rehabilitation research thrusts: (1) Movement Restoration, (2) Pain Mitigation, (3) Autonomic Restoration, (4) Brain Health, and (5) Translation and Clinical Dissemination. These research thrusts cover a wide range of neurological disorders, and the FES Center includes investigators with a matching wide range of expertise and clinical interests. The research thrusts share several features, including (1) an understanding of the physiology and disorders of nervous systems, (2) the fundamentals of activation-inactivation-modulation of nervous systems, (3) technology development to provide pra...