# An Age-Dependent Role of the Inflammasome in the Pathogenesis of HSV Encephalitis

> **NIH NIH F30** · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY · 2022 · $43,274

## Abstract

Project Summary
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in adults is often subclinical, but infection in neonates commonly leads to
severe morbidity and mortality from disseminated disease or encephalitis. By contrast, HSV encephalitis (HSE)
is rare in adults with an incidence of 1 in 1,000,000. The precise reason for this difference in susceptibility and
outcomes is unknown, but differences in the immune responses in the neonatal brain and the adult brain have
been implicated. Although numerous studies have focused on innate immune factors that restrict viral
replication, few have examined the pro-inflammatory pathways that may be detrimental during infection. The
inflammasome is a multi-protein signaling platform that leads to the processing and release of the pro-
inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Upon stimulation of an inflammasome pattern recognition
receptor, the inflammasome complex oligomerizes and activates pro-caspase-1, allowing for the cleavage of
IL-1β. The best characterized inflammasome is the NLRP3 inflammasome due to its wide range of activating
stimuli, but several other inflammasomes have been characterized and are known to be activated by HSV in
vitro. Several other viral infections are known to be worsened by the inflammation generated by the NLRP3
inflammasome. My preliminary data suggests that one or more inflammasome complexes contribute to
mortality in a murine model of HSE. I hypothesize that the inflammation generated by the inflammasome
contributes to the pathogenesis of herpes simplex encephalitis.
A deficiency in type I interferon (IFN) signaling in the neonatal brain likely contributes to increased
susceptibility to HSV infection. Importantly, the type I interferon pathway acts as a negative regulator of IL-1β
production and inflammasome activation to prevent dangerous levels of inflammation. The decreased capacity
for type I IFN signaling in the neonate suggests a lack of negative regulation of the inflammasome during HSV
infection. Accordingly, my preliminary data suggests that IL-1β is upregulated to a greater degree in the
neonate during infection than in the adult. Therefore, I also hypothesize that a deficiency in Type I IFN
signaling in the neonate contributes to differences in inflammasome activation between neonates and
adults during HSV encephalitis. Using a murine model of HSE with mice genetically deleted for
inflammasome components, I will elucidate the specific inflammasomes that contribute to pathogenesis. I will
characterize the resulting cytokine profile and immune cell infiltrate that are generated downstream of the
inflammasome during infection. Finally, I will determine the extent to which inflammasome activation is
regulated by the type I IFN system using IFN-receptor knockout mice. These experiments will advance our
understanding of the pathogenesis of HSV encephalitis and the factors that contribute to more severe disease
in neonates.

## Key facts

- **NIH application ID:** 10349586
- **Project number:** 5F30AI150049-03
- **Recipient organization:** NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
- **Principal Investigator:** Cooper Kincaid Hayes
- **Activity code:** F30 (R01, R21, SBIR, etc.)
- **Funding institute:** NIH
- **Fiscal year:** 2022
- **Award amount:** $43,274
- **Award type:** 5
- **Project period:** 2020-03-01 → 2024-02-29

## Primary source

NIH RePORTER: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10349586

## Citation

> US National Institutes of Health, RePORTER application 10349586, An Age-Dependent Role of the Inflammasome in the Pathogenesis of HSV Encephalitis (5F30AI150049-03). Retrieved via AI Analytics 2026-05-25 from https://api.ai-analytics.org/grant/nih/10349586. Licensed CC0.

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