Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have an increased risk of developing ischemic stroke. Veterans enduring PTSD face difficulties in managing their PTSD severity after suffering from a stroke. Currently, clinical trials in PTSD exclude patients with stroke and patients with significant premorbid psychological conditions like PTSD are usually excluded from stroke clinical trials. Methylphenidate (MPH) is a central nervous system stimulant that blocks dopamine and norepinephrine transporters, selectively increasing prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity. MPH can improve PTSD symptoms: avoidance behaviors, social withdrawal, hyperarousal, and working memory. The suspected mechanism is MPH activates PFC, enhancing fear extinction [60] and improving PTSD symptoms. MPH can also improve post-stroke outcomes: mood, activities of daily living, and motor functioning. In clinical trials for PTSD or stroke, MPH has been shown to be well-tolerated with minimal adverse events. The high prevalence of PTSD in Veterans with stroke provides strong justification for development of interventions that effectively and simultaneously target both conditions. The overarching goal of our proposal is to understand how MPH improves PTSD severity in Veterans with comorbid stroke. This proposal is a single-site, phase 2, randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of MPH in the treatment of Veterans with a diagnosis of PTSD who are within 1-12 months of cerebral stroke. The purpose of the clinical trial is to evaluate the therapeutic effects on PTSD symptoms and post-stroke recovery of placebo-controlled MPH in Veterans diagnosed with PTSD and cerebral stroke. The outcome of the proposed work is expected to develop an intervention for patients with PTSD and stroke, thus improving their outcome by reducing symptom severity. Following successful screening and baseline randomization, eligible patients will be treated with a regimen of MPH vs placebo and treated for 12 weeks. They are assessed every 4 weeks (4, 8, 12) followed by a 2-week taper period and concluding with a [final follow- up at 30 days.] 50 participants will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to placebo or MPH. Aim 1: Determine the feasibility of the efficacy study design in comparing rTMS and exercise versus sham rTMS and exercise to reduce pain in patients with chronic post-stroke pain. Hypothesis 1: Our feasibility pilot proposal will focus on collecting limited efficacy data for effect-size estimation to conduct a larger clinical trial using validated pain and functional measures in patients with chronic post-stroke pain using rTMS and exercise. Aim 2: Evaluate the safety of rTMS combined with aerobic exercise in patients with a history of ischemic stroke and chronic post-stroke pain. Hypothesis 2: The combined intervention of aerobic exercise plus rTMS will have both a low number of adverse events and a similar rate as aerobic exercise plus sham rTMS. Aim 3: To assess the correlation between t...