Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is FDA-cleared for the treatment of depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, and smoking addiction, and there are ongoing clinical trials for new mental health indications. However, variable response across patients is a significant limitation of TMS. A contributing factor may be a lack of proper individualization and reproducibility of the TMS targeting to relevant cortical regions. Accurate individualized targeting requires neuronavigation systems that track the position of the TMS coil relative to the patient's head. While a small minority of the FDA-cleared TMS treatment devices incorporate neuronavigation, it has significant drawbacks, including uncomfortable tracking headgear, reduced accuracy due to headgear movement relative to the head, time-consuming registration, and high cost of dedicated optical or electromagnetic tracking devices. Novel technologies that could address the limitations of conventional neuronavigation have recently become feasible, including inexpensive consumer-grade depth cameras and advanced computer vision algorithms allowing accurate tracking of natural objects such as faces and heads. Our goal is to leverage these advances to develop an accurate, low-cost, and trackerless system for TMS computer-vision-based neuronavigation (CVN). Aim 1 is to use consumer-grade depth cameras to detect keypoints on the subject's head comprising either conventional reflective markers attached to the head or anatomical landmarks for trackerless navigation. The algorithms will leverage several features of the cameras, including visible light video feed, infrared depth scanning, and multi-camera synchronization that can be processed together to robustly extract 3D spatial information. Aim 2 is to localize the head keypoints in 3D space. To this end, CVN will pair two cameras to acquire visible and infrared light stereo data. The stereo data will be combined with the less accurate raw depth information provided by each camera to localize the keypoints in 3D space. Aim 3 is to track the position of the subject's head relative to the TMS coil. Combining the sparse keypoints, the less accurate but dense surface information generated by each camera, and multi-frame temporal information, CVN will automatically register the head position to an MRI-based individual head model or, if one is unavailable, a personalized head template from a model library. The head position will be computed relative to the TMS coil, which will be tracked with the same methods and permanently mounted reflective markers. We will fine tune the head tracking algorithms with data from a diverse sample of human subjects, and the complete CVN system will be tested and compared to a conventional neuronavigation device both with bench-top measurements and in a study of healthy volunteers to determine accuracy and reproducibility. Overall, the proposed neuronavigation technology could synergize with current trends toward fMRI-based...