# Development, validation, and application of a CDS ontology to facilitate CDS rules reuse, management, and maintenance in simulated primary care settings.

> **NIH NIH R01** · CLEMSON UNIVERSITY · 2022 · $335,850

## Abstract

Abstract
 Only 12.7% to 82.9% of the U.S. population receives recommended prevention services, and more
specifically, between 70.7% to 91.9% of U.S. children aged 19-35 months receive recommended
immunizations (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC). The utilization of clinical decision support
(CDS) can help to increase these rates. Meta-analyses have shown that CDS, as a component of electronic
health records (EHRs), is effective in increasing preventive care services. The rules for a CDS involve the
knowledge needed to decide a CDS’s behavior in clinical tasks. Continuous rule maintenance is necessary to
keep a CDS updated, useful, and at its full potential. Outdated rules can lead to missing alerts for preventive
services or even to a patient’s death due to outdated drug-drug interaction alerts. Currently, there are no
publicly accessible, reusable, generic, and machine-interpretable CDS rules for immunization schedules.
 Historically, CDS has been utilized successfully in large academic institutions. In the United States,
however, small practices provide healthcare services to a majority of the population, with the volume of
physician office visits at about 7.4 times that of hospital visits. In view of rapidly increasing EHR adoption rates
in the United States, CDS usage rates have reached 68.5% to 100% in office-based primary care settings,
indicating that CDS currently plays an important role in small practices. To be able to regularly update CDS
rules is critical to maintaining a CDS. CDS rule management and maintenance have been recognized as
challenging in large institutions. Thus, we anticipate that CDS rule management and maintenance will be an
obstacle for smaller primary care practices, especially those without in-house IT support.
 Ontology is the enabling technology of the Semantic Web. Ontology has the potential to improve the
interoperability, reusability, and sharability of ontology-based CDS rules, which will reduce duplicate efforts by
multiple stakeholders. We also propose to enable primary care providers, especially in settings without in-
house IT support, to manage and maintain CDS rules independently. The output of the investigation will be
beneficial to small primary care practices in the long term. Our efforts will contribute to more consistent
preventive services, including improved immunization recommendation rates for the large population served
by these practices. We propose to (1) build and validate an upper-level CDS ontology; (2) develop portable,
reusable, and machine-executable CDS rules based on ontology for CDC-recommended immunization
schedules; (3) develop implementation scripts for CDS rules; (4) implement CDS rules and evaluate their
reuse, use, and maintenance in simulated primary care settings, and (5) revise ontology, CDS rules, and
implementation scripts. The long-term goal is to achieve interoperable EHR across platforms seamlessly by
utilizing individuals’ immunization records. The experi...

## Key facts

- **NIH application ID:** 10449239
- **Project number:** 5R01GM138589-03
- **Recipient organization:** CLEMSON UNIVERSITY
- **Principal Investigator:** Xia Jing
- **Activity code:** R01 (R01, R21, SBIR, etc.)
- **Funding institute:** NIH
- **Fiscal year:** 2022
- **Award amount:** $335,850
- **Award type:** 5
- **Project period:** 2020-09-01 → 2025-06-30

## Primary source

NIH RePORTER: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10449239

## Citation

> US National Institutes of Health, RePORTER application 10449239, Development, validation, and application of a CDS ontology to facilitate CDS rules reuse, management, and maintenance in simulated primary care settings. (5R01GM138589-03). Retrieved via AI Analytics 2026-05-22 from https://api.ai-analytics.org/grant/nih/10449239. Licensed CC0.

---

*[NIH grants dataset](/datasets/nih-grants) · CC0 1.0*