Abstract: A strong link between early life stress/adversity (ELS/ELA) and age-related disorders, such as cardiometabolic disease, cognitive and psychiatric/neurological disorders, have been established mostly based on retrospective human reports. Yet, prospective, longitudinal, studies across the life span are critical to identify biomarkers of ELA risk embedded earlier in life, during middle age to develop early intervention strategies. Animal models with short life spans (invertebrates, rodents) have significant limitations to inform about human aging and the therapeutics developed from those models have failed in clinical trials. Longitudinal nonhuman primate (NHP) studies could provide significant information on early biological and neural markers of ELA-related cognitive decline due to their long life span and gradual aging-related cognitive impairments and brain pathology similar to those in humans emerging in middle age. This proposal builds on our data linking ELA in macaques with early markers of accelerated cellular aging (accelerated DNA methylation age, shortened telomere length), inflammation, and neurocognitive alterations detectable from infancy to young adulthood. The goal is to use a prospective, longitudinal design in NHPs to identify early biomarkers/pathways and underlying mechanisms of ELA-related accelerated neural aging trajectories and cognitive decline from young adulthood to middle age. This unique population of adult female macaques with ELA (social subordination stress) are currently living in social groups at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center and were longitudinally characterized from birth through puberty as part of NIH-funded studies. These animals (High-ELA: subordinates; low-ELA: dominant) will be studied longitudinally between 7(early adulthood) and 11 (middle age) years of age. Aim 1 will examine trajectories of ELA-accelerated neural aging in brain regions that control cognitive and stress/emotional functions studied in Aim 2 (prefrontal cortex -PFC-, hippocampus -HIPP-, amygdala); it will use (a) MRI, DTI and resting state fMRI to examine myelin loss, cortical thinning and loss of long-range connectivity; (b) measures of neuropathology with MR spectroscopy (reductions in N-Acetylaspartate) and markers preceding dementia in humans (reduced amyloid β(Aβ42)/tau ratio in CSF); and (c) markers of neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity (CSF levels of kynurenine pathway metabolites). Aim 2 will test whether ELA accelerates age- related deficits in stress/emotional regulation mediated by PFC-amygdala circuits (HPA axis, Human Intruder and dot-probe tasks), and cognition: attention (continuous performance task), executive function and cognitive flexibility mediated by PFC circuits (Intradimensional/Extradimensional discrimination), and spatial relational memory mediated by HIPP-PFC circuits (spatial memory span). Aim 3 will examine associations between longitudinal trajectories of neural measures (Aim 1) and cog...