PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT MAIN RESEARCH COMPONENT 3 Alcohol use and abuse represents a substantial threat to public health. Age of first alcohol exposure is a critical determinant of developmental trajectory and subsequent health status later in life, with prenatal and adolescent periods emerging as developmental epochs during which alcohol exposure is particularly prevalent. Neuroimmune consequences of alcohol have emerged as novel mechanisms that may contribute to changes in alcohol reinforcement, dependence, and ultimately the development of alcohol-related brain damage. Importantly, exposure to acute, binge-like doses of ethanol (EtOH) in rodents produce time-dependent changes in cytokine expression in which Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is substantially elevated in key limbic structures (amygdala, PVN and hippocampus) during acute EtOH intoxication. In contrast, expression of both IL-1β and TNFα tends to surge in these same structures during withdrawal from acute EtOH exposure. Surprisingly, adolescent rats (P31-33) displayed severely reduced cytokine responses to acute EtOH intoxication. These findings suggest that adolescent rats may have a functionally immature neuroimmune response relative to young adults. Paradoxically, however, adolescent Chronic Intermittent EtOH (CIE) exposure sensitized the intoxication-related IL-6 response evoked by a binge-like dose of EtOH later in life (P70 young adults). Thus, adolescents appear to be less sensitive to acute EtOH-induced cytokine responses, while at the same time being vulnerable to long-term sensitization of neuroimmune processes resulting from adolescent CIE exposure. However, the functional significance of these acute, EtOH-induced cytokine changes observed across the intoxication-withdrawal cycle remain obscure. This proposal will utilize contextual fear conditioning procedures as an animal model of emotional learning, and to test the functional relevance of EtOH-dependent expression of cytokines. Consistent findings demonstrate that EtOH impairs fear conditioning when training occurs within a short time-frame after EtOH exposure (i.e., during intoxication), whereas conditioning during EtOH withdrawal tends to enhance fear conditioning. The studies proposed here will therefore examine the phase-specific influence of EtOH on fear conditioning. Our central hypothesis is that phase-specific expression of cytokines in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) produce opposing actions on BLA excitability and subsequent fear conditioning. These studies will also examine long-term adaptations in neuroimmune function and resultant consequences following adolescent CIE. In this way, the proposed studies will be among the first to examine how phase-specific, EtOH-induced cytokine expression translates into age-specific, cognitive and behavioral outcomes of early EtOH exposure.