# Defining epigenetic regulators of tumor heterogeneity and metastasis in melanoma

> **NIH NIH R01** · NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · 2022 · $507,620

## Abstract

Epigenetic landscapes restrict the developmental potential of differentiated cells, but their deregulation allows
cancer cells to de-differentiate into transcriptionally heterogeneous cell states. This transcriptional heterogeneity
and phenotypic plasticity define many cancers, including melanoma, and are thought to be the root cause of
metastatic spread. Although this plasticity often correlates with cancer progression and poor prognosis in
patients, it is still unclear how epigenetic changes erode developmental constraints to allow cells to acquire a
spectrum of biological features as they interconvert between transcriptionally distinctive cell states.
 By analyzing the DNA methylation profiles of primary and metastatic cutaneous melanomas from human
patients we discovered an alternative promoter of the nuclear receptor NR2F2 becomes de-methylated in
metastatic melanomas. This epigenetic change allows NR2F2-isoform 2 – expressed in neural crest cells and
silenced when they differentiate into melanocytes – to become re-expressed. Preliminary functional studies
suggest NR2F2-isoform 2 expression is critical for metastasis but not primary melanoma growth and it affects
neural crest and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition associated gene sets. Based on these studies, we
hypothesize that de-repression of NR2F2-isoform 2 elicits transcriptional changes that influence the
phenotypic heterogeneity that defines melanoma cells, allowing a subset of these cells to disseminate
and metastasize to distant organs. To test this hypothesis, we propose to:
 • inhibit or promote NR2F2-isoform 2 promoter methylation in mouse and patient-derived melanoma models
 to measure changes in melanoma heterogeneity and metastatic potential;
 • identify transcriptional networks that are influenced by NR2F2-isoform 2 and its partners; and
 • correlate the expression of NR2F2-isoform 2, its transcriptional co-factors and targets in primary patient
 samples with their metastatic recurrence after primary melanoma resection.
Successful completion of this project promises to significantly impact both the melanoma and metastasis fields
because it will:
 • provide a conceptual framework for how epigenetic de-regulation of an alternative transcription factor isoform
 influences the de-differentiation of melanoma cells into phenotypically heterogeneous cell states;
 • identify the cell state responsible for metastatic progression in early-stage tumors; and
 • identify prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.
These will allow us to predict, prevent, or treat metastatic progression in early-stage melanoma patients, reducing
morbidity and mortality in patients with recurrent melanoma, while sparing tumor-free patients from toxic side
effects and cost of unnecessary interventions.

## Key facts

- **NIH application ID:** 10512423
- **Project number:** 1R01CA274100-01
- **Recipient organization:** NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
- **Principal Investigator:** Eva Hernando
- **Activity code:** R01 (R01, R21, SBIR, etc.)
- **Funding institute:** NIH
- **Fiscal year:** 2022
- **Award amount:** $507,620
- **Award type:** 1
- **Project period:** 2022-07-05 → 2027-06-30

## Primary source

NIH RePORTER: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10512423

## Citation

> US National Institutes of Health, RePORTER application 10512423, Defining epigenetic regulators of tumor heterogeneity and metastasis in melanoma (1R01CA274100-01). Retrieved via AI Analytics 2026-05-24 from https://api.ai-analytics.org/grant/nih/10512423. Licensed CC0.

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