# Blastema-independent Mechanism for Regeneration in Salamanders > **NIH NIH R21** · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-IRVINE · 2023 · $172,700 ## Abstract PROJECT SUMMARY While human and other mammals are limited in their abilities to regenerate, the salamanders, including Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) are highly regenerative and have provided numerous insights into the mechanisms of organ repair. Upon injury, axolotls generate “blastema” tissue at the wound site, which harbors multipotent progenitors that engage in regenerative healing, contributing to multiple newly forming cell types. The inability of mammals to form multipotent blastema cells is commonly thought to be the key barrier to true regenerative wound healing. Axolotls can also regenerate skin, which normally consists of an epidermis, a two- layer dermis as well as many secretory glands. Contrary to the prevailing notion that complete tissue regeneration requires blastema, we now show that the axolotl skin regenerates without a blastema and that, in fact, blastema formation represses glandular skin regeneration. This application will focus on defining a novel cellular and signaling mechanism of blastema-independent skin regeneration in salamanders. To achieve this goal, this project will leverage the analytical strengths of the so-called Accessory Limb Model (ALM) – a highly tractable wound model system in axolotls that can be experimentally directed to either: (i) rapidly regenerate gland-containing skin without a blastema, or (ii) form a blastema when presented with a deviated nerve and display prominently delayed skin regeneration. Using a combination of live axolotl imaging, lineage tracing, single-cell RNA-seq, functional protein delivery, and gene perturbation assays in the ALM model, in our first aim we will establish if amphibian skin gland regeneration critically depends on epidermal-dermal interactions and if these interactions are prevented in blastema-forming wounds due to the immaturity of their fibroblasts. The second aim is to uncover new signaling and epigenetic mechanisms of gland neogenesis in regenerating skin. In particular, we will establish the activating role of the Bone Morphogenic Protein ligand BMP7 and the counterbalancing role of its antagonist GREMLIN and the activating role of Class II histone deacetylase HDAC10 – top-listed differentially expressed genes in our RNA- seq studies – on gland regeneration and skin fibroblast lineage maturation. The study premise is strong, based on substantial preliminary data. The proposed studies are significant because they will introduce amphibian skin as a novel model for studying mechanisms of skin regeneration and will advance knowledge on skin cell types in amphibians. The proposed studies are innovative because they will establish a novel paradigm of blastema-independent regeneration and will identify new skin regeneration-inducing epigenetic and signaling factors. Ultimately, we want to be able to translate new knowledge learned from this amphibian model system of blastema-independent skin regeneration to better understand skin regeneration mechanisms in mammals,... ## Key facts - **NIH application ID:** 10553618 - **Project number:** 5R21AR078939-02 - **Recipient organization:** UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-IRVINE - **Principal Investigator:** David M. Gardiner - **Activity code:** R21 (R01, R21, SBIR, etc.) - **Funding institute:** NIH - **Fiscal year:** 2023 - **Award amount:** $172,700 - **Award type:** 5 - **Project period:** 2022-02-01 → 2025-12-31 ## Primary source NIH RePORTER: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10553618 ## Citation > US National Institutes of Health, RePORTER application 10553618, Blastema-independent Mechanism for Regeneration in Salamanders (5R21AR078939-02). Retrieved via AI Analytics 2026-05-25 from https://api.ai-analytics.org/grant/nih/10553618. Licensed CC0. --- *[NIH grants dataset](/datasets/nih-grants) · CC0 1.0*