PROJECT SUMMARY (R34#1 After Action Reviews in CWS) Half of child-welfare involved children and adolescents meet criteria for at least one current mental disorder1. Shared decision-making for Action Plans is vital to the mental health and wellbeing of children and families in Child Welfare Services (CWS), with fewer child removals and fewer recurrences2, thus resulting in decreased risk of child trauma, behavioral concerns, and mental health concerns. Yet, neither parents nor caseworkers perceive that Action Plans include mutual influence3, and parents feel they have no voice or input4. Child and family team (CFT) meetings are required for each child or youth within sixty days of entering CWS, and are family-centered and collaborative ways to develop individualized, effective service plans based on mutual agreement5. Relying on teamwork approaches, CFT meetings intend to give children and families a voice in creating and guiding their case plans6, suggest children do better when connected to their families and empower families to work with CWS agencies7,8, and address organizational need for teams to perform “complex, interdependent, dynamic, and ambiguous tasks.”9 Yet, in CWS CFT meetings, the quality of teamwork can be impaired by the inherent challenges of serving multiple needs and viewpoints that vary across family members and professionals, as well as the pressures and constraints of CWS. Innovations from team effectiveness research hold promise in facilitating improvements in shared decision-making within CWS. The after-action review (AAR) is a relatively simple, inexpensive, quick, and powerful tool to improve learning, performance, and the effectiveness of teams and individuals. AARs are active self-learning processes wherein team members reflect on specific performance episode to actively engage in self-discovery and improve learning in a non- punitive/non-judgmental manner. AARs have become a common tool that organizations have leveraged in military, medical, educational, and other applications, to improve individual and team performance by approximately 20-25%. This proposal aims to apply the team development intervention of the after-action review (AAR) to improve implementation of the Child and Family Team (CFT) meetings currently used in the CWS. This proposal will tailor and assess the impact of the AAR on enhancing CFT outcomes by addressing the following: Specific Aim 1. Conduct a qualitative needs assessment targeting the ongoing implementation of the CFT clinical intervention in a large, publicly funded, County CWS system; Specific Aim 2. Adapt and tailor the AAR team effectiveness intervention to address the CFT services intervention needs; Aim 3. Assess mechanisms of the AAR team effectiveness intervention for CFT implementation and a novel application of natural language processing methods. Aim 3.a. Pilot-test the AAR implementation strategy on improving CFT outcomes, and explore team mechanisms; Aim 3b. Identify and levera...