# Arsenic and other co-metals in the San Carlos Apache drinking water

> **NIH NIH K01** · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · 2023 · $157,022

## Abstract

ABSTRACT. The broad, long-term objectives of this K01 project are to improve the health of Apache American
Indians through a study that examines the association between cancer (CA) outcomes and Arsenic (As), co-
metals, and nitrate on the San Carlos Apache (SCA) reservation in Arizona. The study setting has an extensive
history of hard rock mining since the early 1900s when uranium (U), copper, silver, and asbestos were
extracted. Anthropogenic causes and naturally occurring elements can cause movement of As and co-metals
into the environment and may result in adverse health effects. Arsenic is a known carcinogen and is associated
with diabetes, adverse reproductive outcomes, and cardiovascular disease. A main goal of this pilot study is to
develop and implement an exposure assessment tool (EAT) to study cancers and to use in the future to
examine the association between exposures and multiple adverse health outcomes. The specific aims are to:
1) characterize historical water data by time and recorded As, Cd, Pb, U, and nitrate concentration levels from
1981-2021, 2) examine the association between chronically elevated As, Cd, Pb, U, and nitrate in water and
CA outcomes (bladder, kidney, prostate, lung, breast, and skin), 3) analyze and apply a Geographic
Information System (GIS) model to map high-risk (As, Cd, Pb, U, nitrate) areas based on this EAT, and 4)
provide study findings to tribal members and leaders. A retrospective pair matched case-control (N = 160)
design will be employed. Decades of As, Cd, Pb, U, and nitrates concentration levels recorded by the US
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), tribal EPA, and US Geological Survey from areas known to have
elevated As, co-metal and nitrate concentration levels will be collected. Local tribal health/Indian Health
Service (IHS) records will be examined for CA diagnoses and mortality (using ICD codes) reported by the IHS,
tribal health, private health records, state CA registries, and mortality records of the past 10 years. Study
controls will be selected from SCA enrollment data and matched to cases by sex and age. Odds Ratios will be
reported using logistic regression to determine associations between exposure risk and outcomes. A dose
response between chronic As, Cd, Pb, U, and nitrate water ingestion and reported cancers are anticipated.
This is the first local study to retrospectively examine water contaminant levels in relation to multiple CA
outcomes. The data will form the foundation for an R01 intervention study to educate, screen, and identify risks
for adverse health outcomes among residents. Findings will be disseminated to tribal members and leaders,
healthcare facilities, and the general population. This study has the potential to augment prevention efforts,
intervention, education, monitoring/surveillance, and can support policy development and legislation. The
project will reach a nationally underserved population in the biomedical, social, behavioral, and clinical
sciences an...

## Key facts

- **NIH application ID:** 10693969
- **Project number:** 5K01CA249042-03
- **Recipient organization:** UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES
- **Principal Investigator:** Christine Samuel-Nakamura
- **Activity code:** K01 (R01, R21, SBIR, etc.)
- **Funding institute:** NIH
- **Fiscal year:** 2023
- **Award amount:** $157,022
- **Award type:** 5
- **Project period:** 2021-09-01 → 2026-08-31

## Primary source

NIH RePORTER: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10693969

## Citation

> US National Institutes of Health, RePORTER application 10693969, Arsenic and other co-metals in the San Carlos Apache drinking water (5K01CA249042-03). Retrieved via AI Analytics 2026-05-21 from https://api.ai-analytics.org/grant/nih/10693969. Licensed CC0.

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