# Functional validation of sequence variants affecting neurodevelopmental and craniofacial phenotypes

> **NIH NIH R56** · EMORY UNIVERSITY · 2022 · $725,353

## Abstract

ABSTRACT
Mutations in the CTCF gene result in CTCF-Related Disorders (CRD), a group of conditions characterized
by neurodevelopmental delays, intellectual disability, and digestive, cardiac, and craniofacial abnormalities.
These phenotypes can be attributed to alterations in the differentiation or function of cells of the brain or
cells of the neural crest. The CTCF protein is involved in the establishment of the 3D organization of the
chromatin in the nucleus by interfering with cohesin extrusion, which results in the formation of stable loops
between distant sites in the genome. Through this organization, CTCF modulates interactions between
regulatory sequences and their cognate promoters. Consequently, disruption of CTCF function may lead to
alterations of gene expression during development and defects in cell lineage specification. This application
is based on the hypothesis that functional analyses of different CTCF mutations present in patients with
CRD will give important insights into the mechanisms by which these pathogenic variants affect gene
expression during cell differentiation, and how these alterations lead to the variety of phenotypes observed
in CRD patients. CTCF variants found in these patients are located in regions of the protein important for
different aspects of CTCF function. This includes DNA sequence recognition, affinity for the DNA binding
motif, interactions with RNA to stabilize binding at a subset of genomic sites, non-specific interactions with
the DNA phosphate backbone that may affect CTCF residence time on DNA, and interactions with cohesin
that may affect loop formation or stability. We therefore hypothesize that variants affecting these different
functions are involved in targeting CTCF to specific genomic locations or its interaction with cohesin to elicit
distinct altered patterns of gene expression. This in turn may affect cell function or differentiation into specific
lineages to cause variant-specific phenotypes in CRD patients. Using these mutations, which affect single
amino acids, we thus propose to examine correlations between patient phenotypes and different aspects of
CTCF function. We will use patient-derived iPSCs, cerebral organoids, induced neural crest cells (iNCCs),
and single-cell technologies to gain insights into the molecular and cellular processes altered by specific
CTCF variants in the brain and neural crest. We will also use mouse models carrying the same mutations
to determine the effects of these CTCF variants on brain and neural crest development in vivo and compare
these results with those obtained using iNCCs and cerebral organoids. Results from this work will fill an
important gap in our understanding of the fundamental principles by which alterations of different aspects of
3D chromatin organization result in human disease with different phenotypic outcomes.

## Key facts

- **NIH application ID:** 10701310
- **Project number:** 1R56DE031771-01
- **Recipient organization:** EMORY UNIVERSITY
- **Principal Investigator:** Victor G. Corces
- **Activity code:** R56 (R01, R21, SBIR, etc.)
- **Funding institute:** NIH
- **Fiscal year:** 2022
- **Award amount:** $725,353
- **Award type:** 1
- **Project period:** 2022-09-26 → 2025-09-30

## Primary source

NIH RePORTER: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10701310

## Citation

> US National Institutes of Health, RePORTER application 10701310, Functional validation of sequence variants affecting neurodevelopmental and craniofacial phenotypes (1R56DE031771-01). Retrieved via AI Analytics 2026-05-26 from https://api.ai-analytics.org/grant/nih/10701310. Licensed CC0.

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