Abstract This application seeks to renew the funding for the T32 training program at Washington University for physician and doctoral scientists pursuing a career in anesthesiology-related research. The practice of anesthesiology is complex and far reaching. The research interests of anesthesiology span this broad clinical realm and have the potential to impact medicine as a whole. Developments in basic and clinical science have made the fundamental unsolved problems in anesthesiology research scientifically tractable. Despite the potential of its research programs for broad scientific and therapeutic impact, anesthesiology lags behind other specialties in training physicians and basic scientists in research. Our program is directed at meeting this need. The overarching goal is to train a diverse group of anesthesiology scientists with appropriate scientific skills to address the research priorities in anesthesiology-related science. To accomplish this, we focus on: (i) recruiting and training a diverse group of talented early stage anesthesiology scholars; (ii) identifying training opportunities in high priority and high yield scientific areas; (iii) providing expert, accountable and dedicated research mentorship; (iv) programmatically and systematically enhancing research training; (v) assessing trainee’s personalized goals and progress; (vi) providing state-of-the art curricula and facilities as well as networking and educational opportunities; and (vii) providing ongoing mentoring to T32 alumni to facilitate their transition to careers as independent investigators. The Washington University Anesthesiology Department is among the highest funded and most research productive anesthesiology departments in the United States. T32 trainees in the Anesthesiology Department are typically selected from a cohort of research residents, which is one of the largest nationally, based on the vibrant and highly effective Academic Scholars Advancement Program and the Scholars track. Graduates from our T32 have published high impact research, obtained competitive training grants, and continued in academic faculty appointments. Two program directors (PDs), an associate program director (APD) and an executive advisory committee (EAC) administer the training program. Mentors for the program have been carefully chosen based on the quality and relevance of their science and demonstrated mentorship experience and success. Trainee-mentor pairing is facilitated and approved by the PDs, APD and EAC. Trainees and mentors are formally evaluated twice annually for progress and satisfaction. Emphasis during these evaluations is placed on progress towards development of an independent research program, acquisition of career skills and attaining milestones such as manuscript and grant submissions. The PDs, APD, EAC and the trainees evaluate the training program annually, and make ongoing recommendations for improvements. Our program also plays a leadership role in the Early S...