Metabolic Imaging of Targeted Therapies in Cancer PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Given the paradigm shift in cancer therapy including the ever-growing increase in the use of targeted therapies, foremost small-molecule kinase inhibitors in cancer therapy, there is an urgent need to develop reliable imaging techniques to detect and monitor the efficacy of such inhibitors in cancer patients. Because direct evaluation of cell signaling is practically not feasible and changes in tumor volume occur late after treatment initiation given the predominantly cytostatic effect of the inhibitors, we are proposing an alternative approach to monitor changes in tumor metabolism induced by kinase inhibition. This will be achieved in three stages: 1) analysis of gene expression/proteomic/phosphoproteomic to identify metabolic pathways perturbed by inhibition of the signaling pathway performed both in vitro and in vivo in the mouse xenotransplant models using patient derived cultured and primary cells (PDX), 2) metabolomic and metabolic fluxomic analysis of effect of kinase inhibition on metabolic pathways, also done in in vitro and in vivo settings, 3) analysis of biomarkers of inhibitor response validated by the above “-omics” studies by imaging techniques, preferably non-invasive, such as 1H MRS or chemical exchange saturation-transfer (CEST) with standard FDG PET imaging serving as control. In these proof-of-principle studies, we will focus on mTOR, the serine/threonine kinase hyperactive in the majority of cancer types, and employ direct and indirect inhibitors of mTOR, rapamycin/rapalog and Torin2, respectively, as index kinase/kinase inhibitor system. We will use diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) as experimental cancer model. In preliminary studies, we have demonstrated that rapamycin decreased concentrations of lactic acid in patient-derived lymphoma cell lines, both cultured in vitro and xenotransplanted into mice, as detected by unique 1H MRS imaging-based detection pulse sequences developed by us and our collaborators. The rapamycin-induced decrease in glycolytic metabolism correlated with and, importantly, markedly preceded inhibition of tumor cell growth, strongly supporting the notion that image-based evaluation of the key metabolic response is predictive of biological tumor cell response to the inhibition. The response also correlated with and, hence, was at least in part attributable to decreased expression of hexokinase II, other glycolytic enzymes and enzymes from other key metabolic pathways including phosphoribosyl-amidotransferase and other enzymes involved in glutaminolysis. Utilizing 13C MRS and 13C LC-MS, we have confirmed mTOR control of glycolysis and also noted decreases in fatty acid and sterol metabolism as well as inhibition of the pentose phosphate shunt and the TCA cycle. We anticipate that the proposed studies will extend our knowledge of the impact of mTOR inhibition on malignant cell metabolism and, ultimately, set the stage for fut...