# An online HIV self-testing intervention with online-to-offline linkage to care for transgender women

> **NIH NIH R34** · UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT STORRS · 2023 · $99,999

## Abstract

Abstract
 Globally, transgender women (TGW) are disproportionately impacted by the HIV epidemic, with an
estimated HIV prevalence of 19.1%. Malaysia, one of SE Asia's fastest-growing economies, is witnessing a rapid
transition to its HIV epidemic. Malaysia has an estimated 80,000 TGW in-country, of which 12.4% are living
with HIV. TGW experience numerous unique vulnerabilities to HIV, including discrimination in employment
and economic opportunities, steering many TGW into high-risk occupations, such as sex work. High levels of
stigma and discrimination against TGW by healthcare providers can foster a hostile environment toward TGW,
complicating efforts to scale-up of HIV testing and prevention services among trans women, including
preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Modeling studies suggest that increased HIV testing and uptake of PrEP is the
most impactful and cost-effective strategy for reducing new infections. Despite this, only 37% of TGW in Malaysia
have ever been HIV tested. HIV self-testing (HIVST) may be particularly impactful among TGW in Malaysia,
where anti-trans stigma persists. Although willingness to use HIVST is high (48%) among Malaysian TGW, its
use is still minimal due to a lack of access to HIVST kits, concerns related to misinterpreting results, and missed
opportunities for counseling and linkage to care. In this context, eHealth represents an innovative platform to
transform the face of HIV service delivery (i.e., HIVST and linkage to care). Leveraging eHealth technology for
HIV services delivery is ideal given that nearly all (>93.6%) TGW use online technology (e.g., smartphone, tablet,
computer) and indicate a strong preference for a web-based platform for HIVST. As such, HIVST with real-time
e-counseling (eHIVST), integrated with online-to-offline (O2O) linkage to prevention and treatment, offers an
innovative and empowering approach that could transform TGW's uptake of HIV testing and engagement in the
broader HIV care continuum. This proposal – submitted in response to the Notice of Special Interest
(Administrative Supplements for Research on Sexual and Gender Minority Populations; NOT-OD-22-032) –
requests an SGM administrative supplement to add a sample of TGW to parent award (R34MH130233), a project
that focuses on developing and testing a web-based platform, called Jom-TestPlus, that will incorporate an O2O
service delivery model with eHIVST that facilitates rapid linkage to the HIV prevention and treatment continuum
for men who have sex with men (MSM) in Malaysia. Expanding Jom-TestPlus to include TGW represents a
significant opportunity to leverage existing resources from the parent award to address HIV and other health
inequities among broader SGM populations. If successful, Jom-TestPlus will serve as a model that can easily be
adapted for various health outcomes and healthcare services delivery in these populations and other LMICs.

## Key facts

- **NIH application ID:** 10772677
- **Project number:** 3R34MH130233-02S1
- **Recipient organization:** UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT STORRS
- **Principal Investigator:** Roman Shrestha
- **Activity code:** R34 (R01, R21, SBIR, etc.)
- **Funding institute:** NIH
- **Fiscal year:** 2023
- **Award amount:** $99,999
- **Award type:** 3
- **Project period:** 2022-07-15 → 2025-05-31

## Primary source

NIH RePORTER: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10772677

## Citation

> US National Institutes of Health, RePORTER application 10772677, An online HIV self-testing intervention with online-to-offline linkage to care for transgender women (3R34MH130233-02S1). Retrieved via AI Analytics 2026-05-24 from https://api.ai-analytics.org/grant/nih/10772677. Licensed CC0.

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