PROJECT SUMMARY Nearly every mammalian cell harbors a timekeeping mechanism, the circadian clock, that drives overt rhythms in gene expression to coordinate the daily activity of biochemical and metabolic pathways. Consistent with the large number of biological functions controlled by the circadian clock, disruption of rhythmic gene expression leads to the development of a wide range of disorders that include metabolic diseases, cardiovascular disorders and cancer. Moreover, most commonly used drugs in the United States directly target the products of rhythmically expressed genes. For these reasons, characterizing the mechanisms underlying rhythmic gene expression is critical to not only understand how clock dysfunction leads to pathological conditions, but also to optimally time pharmacological treatment. Rhythmic gene expression is thought to be primarily regulated by the molecular circadian clock found in every mammalian cell. However, increasing evidences from our lab and others suggest that environmental signals like feeding rhythms generate 24-hour rhythms in gene expression without involving the circadian clock oscillation. In Preliminary Studies, we show that the amplitude of feeding rhythms controls the rhythmic expression of more than 2000 genes in mouse liver. Surprisingly, this effect on gene expression does not seem to directly involve the hepatic circadian clock, which continues to exhibit normal oscillations in core clock gene expression. Rather, our preliminary data suggest that rhythms in gene expression rely on the rhythmic activity of the nutrient-sensing kinase mTOR. This proposal builds upon these new exciting data and the proposed experiments will determine if feeding rhythms regulate rhythmic gene expression by (1) controlling the rhythmic activity of mTOR signaling pathway, and (2) regulating the rhythmic activity of metabolic transcription factors. Results from these experiments are expected to uncover novel and important mechanisms for the regulation of rhythmic gene expression in mammals, and to provide a new conceptual framework for how biological functions are synchronized to environmental cycles and coordinated between tissues. They are also anticipated to lead to the development of novel strategies for advancements in chronotherapy and for the restoration of rhythmic gene expression in humans showing poor circadian rhythms like shift-workers and elders.