Modified Project Summary/Abstract Section Latino adolescents from farm workers, agricultural, and rural families are a unique population who are at significant risk for social and health differences that can have lasting developmental and socioeconomic consequences. Every year over 3 million migrant and seasonal farmworkers harvest food across the United States, and almost 60% have minor children who often accompany them. Mobility produces unique challenges for children including educational interruptions and instability, social stressors, isolation, and poverty which can contribute to poor mental and physical health as well as early substance use. These challenges may be especially salient during adolescence when high-risk behaviors and health differences become more evident. Further, youth from farmworker and agricultural families often reside in rural locations characterized by contextual factors such as high poverty and low education rates. Thus, these youth are of particular concern due to multiplicative influences of rurality and social factors on health outcomes. Despite such high risks, few researchers have studied this population with consideration of the longitudinal nature of migration, and thus, have been unable to identify the long-term effects of migration status on youth health outcomes. Also, researchers have rarely assessed resilience factors that may mitigate stressors that rural Latino youth experience. Our project uses a dynamic multi-disciplinary approach to assess the long-term developmental consequences of mobility on health, while utilizing a strength-based framework to elucidate meaningful individual, familial, and community resilience factors present. Study participants include 400 Latino youth aged 10-15 recruited in all three regions of the Migrant Education Program in Indiana. We use a longitudinal mixed-methods approach that combines qualitative semi-structured interviews with quantitative surveys collected from multiple reporters, biometrics, and behavioral tasks to address 3 specific aims: (1) Assess how macro and proximal risks are associated with salient health trajectories (mental and physical health and substance use) in rural Midwestern Latino youth across early and late adolescence; (2) Identify salient protective factors and strengths in rural Midwestern Latino youth that counteract or buffer negative health trajectories resulting from chronic macro and proximal risks; (3) Determine how differences in youth migration and acculturation contribute to, and moderate, effects of macro and proximal risks, and protective factors, on health outcomes in rural Midwestern Latino youth. in Latino youth’s environment. These outcomes are expected to have a significant positive impact on public health issues relating to Latino youth by informing policy and directing future intervention efforts targeted at reducing health challenges among this youth population during a critical developmental period. By focusing on the youth...