# Generalizing Effects of Infectious Disease Prevention Interventions in the Presence of Interference

> **NIH NIH K01** · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · 2024 · $169,811

## Abstract

PROJECT SUMMARY
Medical and behavioral interventions are critical for preventing the spread of infectious diseases. But there are
statistical challenges when estimating causal effects for such interventions. Most statistical methods assume the
treatment of one individual does not affect outcomes of other individuals, i.e., that there is no interference or
spillover effect. However, the effects of infectious disease interventions often include both direct effects on
individuals receiving treatment and spillover effects in the community. An additional challenge for estimation of
effects in infectious disease settings is external validity, as study samples often differ from the populations where
interventions will be applied. Such differences can limit generalizability of study findings. Despite the importance
in the field of infectious disease research, there has been no research at the intersection of interference and
generalizability. The candidate's long-term career goal is to become an independent scientist and expert
biostatistician working at the interface of causal inference, epidemiology, and infectious diseases. Therefore, the
primary goal of this K01 award is to acquire training in infectious disease epidemiology, interference, and
machine learning to develop and apply innovative statistical methods for infectious disease research. The
candidate, Dr. Bonnie Shook-Sa, has assembled a strong team of mentors and collaborators who are leaders in
each of these training areas. Training will support Dr. Shook-Sa's research aims which bring together the fields
of interference and generalizability for the development of estimators of overall and spillover effects from
infectious disease prevention studies that generalize to target populations that differ from study samples.
Methods will first be developed in a standard interference setting, where individuals eligible for treatment are at
risk of the outcome, e.g., for estimating the effect of child bed net use on incidence of malaria among children.
Then, methods will be extended to the “bipartite interference” setting, where individuals eligible for treatment are
distinct from those at risk of the outcome, e.g., for estimating the effect of universal HIV testing and treatment of
persons with HIV on forward infection among persons without HIV. The proposed work will consider a variety of
study designs, including cluster-randomized trials, probability-based sample designs, and convenience sample
designs. Nonparametric estimators based on flexible machine learning methods will be proposed in each setting.
The properties of proposed estimators will be derived, and estimators will be evaluated empirically through
simulation studies. Proposed methods are motivated by and will be applied to data from the Uganda Malaria
Indicator Survey, the HPTN 071: Population Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy to Reduce HIV Transmission
(PopART) cluster-randomized trial, and the Hutterite Influenza Prevention Study.

## Key facts

- **NIH application ID:** 10863672
- **Project number:** 1K01AI182506-01
- **Recipient organization:** UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL
- **Principal Investigator:** Bonnie E Shook-Sa
- **Activity code:** K01 (R01, R21, SBIR, etc.)
- **Funding institute:** NIH
- **Fiscal year:** 2024
- **Award amount:** $169,811
- **Award type:** 1
- **Project period:** 2024-07-25 → 2029-06-30

## Primary source

NIH RePORTER: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10863672

## Citation

> US National Institutes of Health, RePORTER application 10863672, Generalizing Effects of Infectious Disease Prevention Interventions in the Presence of Interference (1K01AI182506-01). Retrieved via AI Analytics 2026-05-24 from https://api.ai-analytics.org/grant/nih/10863672. Licensed CC0.

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