PROJECT SUMMARY Research Project 1 An organ sparing standard-of-care for patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) involves concurrent chemotherapy plus radiation (RT). However, even after receiving current therapies (surgery or chemoradiation), bladder preservation and overall survival remains low, at approximately 50-60%. The molecular pathogenesis of bladder cancer and the mechanisms of resistance to chemoradiation remain poorly understood. Our long-term goal is to understand the mechanisms of efficacy and resistance of bladder cancer to radiation plus sacituzumab or cisplatin and to use this information to develop better therapeutic modalities for bladder cancer patients. Perhaps one of most promising immunomodulatory biologicals used with radiation is the antibody-drug conjugates (ADC). Sacituzumab govitecan (SG) is an antibody drug conjugate that combines the anti-TROP2 antibody with an active metabolite of irinotecan. ADCs act by inducing tumor cell damage as well as immune activation. The central hypothesis of this application is that specific genetic and immune determinants underlie sensitivity and resistance to radiation-based combination therapies with SG ADC versus cisplatin in MIBC patients. Our hypothesis has been formulated based on strong preliminary data from our group. We plan to accomplish our objectives with 3 specific aims. In Aim 1, we will elucidate the genetic and microenvironmental mechanisms that drive efficacy and resistance to combined sacituzumab plus radiation therapy in bladder cancer. The working hypothesis here is that combinations of distinct tumor determinants, such as somatic mutations in DDR genes, and microenvironmental features, may be important for the anti-tumor effects of RT+SG. We will systematically elucidate the molecular, genetic, and immunologic effects of treatment with standard-of-care radiation + cisplatin versus radiation + ADC. We will also utilize single cell sequencing to reveal treatment-related changes in the tumor ecosystem in MIBC undergoing each approach. In Aim 2, we will characterize tumor clonal dynamics, immune repertoire editing, and imaging changes following treatment with sacituzumab plus radiation. We postulate that ADC therapy may induce sculpting of both the tumor clonal variants and the immune microenvironment and associate with an improved response to radiation treatment. We will reveal adaptive changes to radiation + cisplatin versus radiation + ADC using comprehensive genomic, transcriptional, and immunologic profiling. We will integrate the temporal kinetics of tumor clonality and immune repertoire editing with tumor genomics and imaging. In Aim 3, we will examine the mechanisms of acquired resistance to radiation plus cisplatin versus radiation plus sacituzumab. We will uncover the differential effects of these two treatment approaches, systematically characterize emergence of driver mutations, changes in the tumor clonal composition, immune reprogramming, and i...