# Novel tools for measuring typhoid vaccine impact

> **NIH NIH R01** · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · 2024 · $756,045

## Abstract

Project Summary
Typhoid fever is a leading cause of invasive bacterial illness and death worldwide, with
the majority of infections occurring in low- and middle-income countries where water and
sanitation infrastructure is poor. Highly antimicrobial-resistant strains of Salmonella
Typhi have been emerging and spreading internationally and intercontinentally, posing
the risk of rising morbidity among reduced effectiveness of therapy. New typhoid
conjugate vaccines have demonstrated a high level of effectiveness and are
recommended by the WHO; however, many countries lack data on typhoid incidence, as
the only reliable tool for typhoid diagnosis—blood culture—is not widely available in
many resource-constrained settings where typhoid risk may be greatest. To address
these gaps, we propose to leverage a large, cluster-randomized trial of a typhoid
conjugate vaccine being performed in Vellore, India, to test three emerging tools to
measure community burden of typhoid: 1) seroepidemiological models, utilizing recently
characterized seroresponses to S. Typhi antigens; 2) detection of S. Typhi-specific
bacteriophages in wastewater, using low-cost assays; 3) phylodynamic methods that
track measures of transmission intensity. This project will provide rigorous testing of
multiple innovative methods amid uniquely intensive clinical surveillance in a vaccine
trial. Overall, this project will address a critical need for public health tools to make
typhoid surveillance scalable in resource-constrained settings, to inform vaccine
introductions and monitor their impact.

## Key facts

- **NIH application ID:** 10901822
- **Project number:** 1R01AI181283-01A1
- **Recipient organization:** STANFORD UNIVERSITY
- **Principal Investigator:** Jason Randolph Andrews
- **Activity code:** R01 (R01, R21, SBIR, etc.)
- **Funding institute:** NIH
- **Fiscal year:** 2024
- **Award amount:** $756,045
- **Award type:** 1
- **Project period:** 2024-05-01 → 2029-03-31

## Primary source

NIH RePORTER: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10901822

## Citation

> US National Institutes of Health, RePORTER application 10901822, Novel tools for measuring typhoid vaccine impact (1R01AI181283-01A1). Retrieved via AI Analytics 2026-05-25 from https://api.ai-analytics.org/grant/nih/10901822. Licensed CC0.

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