Despite the importance of improving naloxone access among laypersons, we have surprisingly limited information about the share of people who carry naloxone, where and how those who carry naloxone obtained the medication, barriers and perceived barriers to purchasing or otherwise obtaining naloxone, optimal price points, and so on. We will field a national survey to gather this information with particular emphasis on tracking the impacts of the new over-the-counter naloxone products to provide time-sensitive evidence. We will focus specifically on new barriers to access as these products become more widely available and on understanding the possible role of prices in hindering additional naloxone use. Improving naloxone access is a central pillar of the policy landscape to curb rising overdose deaths rates in the United States. In particular, improving access among “laypersons” is considered one of the most cost-effective naloxone distribution options, but there is surprisingly little evidence about the share of people who carry naloxone, where and how those who carry naloxone obtained the medication, barriers and perceived barriers to purchasing or otherwise obtaining naloxone, optimal price points, and so on. Although two over-the-counter (OTC) naloxone products were recently approved, there is little research about how this policy decision will change behavior. This project will provide some of the first evidence on the state of naloxone carrying in the United States, including near real-time monitoring of knowledge of and purchase behavior related to the OTC products as they become more widely available. This project will also track barriers to the purchasing of OTC naloxone. We will use vignettes to study optimal price points for naloxone at the pharmacy and, separately, for the OTC naloxone products, providing especially timely evidence as policymakers wrestle with how to keep the OTC products affordable when many sources of insurance may not cover them. We will analyze data from a previously-fielded survey about illicit opioid use and naloxone access. In addition, we will field a new survey about naloxone access and use in a nationally-representative online sample constructed by the Understanding America Study, a longitudinal survey platform. This sample provides an opportunity to gather and publish timely evidence as the naloxone market experiences a major shift, potentially encountering new and unforeseen barriers further hindering access and use of naloxone. Future surveys can link responses to the same respondents to track individual-specific behavioral changes over time. This project will ask specifically about barriers such as stigma, price, and other factors to understand the scope for improving naloxone purchasing and possession. We will report time-sensitive evidence about the importance of several factors with policy recommendations to address those barriers. Given policymakers’ specific concerns with price, we will field vignet...