# Charting the evolutionary development of novel genes and the molecular mechanisms of gland tissue organizationin cephalopods

> **NIH NIH DP1** · HUNTER COLLEGE · 2024 · $1,099,000

## Abstract

Abstract
 Venom is a complex trait that has convergently evolved in over 200,000 animals across the tree of life, totaling
approximately ~15-30% of animal biodiversity. The prevalence of the venom phenotype demonstrates its molecular success
and studying its evolution has broad applications to understanding the development of homologous tissues, the origins of
novel genes, and the molecular mechanisms behind the regulation and expression of bioactive compounds.
 Considerably, venoms are the prototype of precision medicine: inducing a highly specific and immediate response.
These attributes have fueled drug discovery efforts, leading to breakthrough venom-derived therapeutics for a wide range
of conditions, from diabetes to heart disease to pain. However, the full potential of venom, in both medicine and biological
research, is untapped. This unmet need arises because of the lack of robust models for genetically manipulating the
development of venom glands and regulation and expression of venom bioactive peptides.
 The work of the Holford group was the first to characterize terebrid venom peptides as bioactive in mitigating
analgesic and antitumor activity. However, without guiding principles for how venoms and venom glands develop in vivo,
we, and other venom researchers, have just scratched the surface. We need model systems to revolutionize the study venom
gland biology, so that we can radically transform how we generate, manipulate, and utilize venom arsenals.
 The cephalopod breeding program provide the tools and models necessary to tackle biological and translational
questions that have remained unapproachable, such as: What drives the expression of predatory versus defensive venom
components? Can we manipulate the production of specific toxins with a desired function, such as those targeting receptors
involved in analgesic activity? Advancements in genetic engineering, genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics will allow
us to generate the first marine invertebrate transgenic cephalopod organisms that produce venom in specialized glands that
can be investigated to explore fundamental questions about tissue development and gene regulation and expression.
Specifically, we will: (1) Determine genes and proteins relevant to venom gland development, maintenance, and secretion
across diverse cephalopod taxa. This objective will determine the evolutionary underpinnings between venom salivary
glands and other exocrine tissues across taxa. (2) Trace the development of cephalopod salivary glands. This objective will
reveal genetic pathways that can be leveraged to determine the formation and function of venom gland from diverse taxa.
(3) Establish comparative cephalopod transgenic models. This objective will establish transgenic cephalopods allowing us
to optimize the utility of venom glands for understanding the development of homologous tissues, the origins of novel genes,
and the molecular mechanisms behind the regulation and expression of bioacti...

## Key facts

- **NIH application ID:** 10932134
- **Project number:** 5DP1AT012812-02
- **Recipient organization:** HUNTER COLLEGE
- **Principal Investigator:** Mande Holford
- **Activity code:** DP1 (R01, R21, SBIR, etc.)
- **Funding institute:** NIH
- **Fiscal year:** 2024
- **Award amount:** $1,099,000
- **Award type:** 5
- **Project period:** 2023-09-30 → 2028-07-31

## Primary source

NIH RePORTER: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10932134

## Citation

> US National Institutes of Health, RePORTER application 10932134, Charting the evolutionary development of novel genes and the molecular mechanisms of gland tissue organizationin cephalopods (5DP1AT012812-02). Retrieved via AI Analytics 2026-05-24 from https://api.ai-analytics.org/grant/nih/10932134. Licensed CC0.

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