Abstract Problematic alcohol involvement (PAI), characterized by alcohol consumption that leads to or increases risk for acute and/or chronic negative consequences in one or more life domains, poses an enormous public health burden to drinkers, their families, and society. Heterogeneity in PAI’s etiology has been identified as the single most important barrier to progress in remediating this burden. More effective characterization of neurobehavioral traits that increase PAI risk is critical to the development of more effective intervention and prevention efforts. Cognitive science approaches to addiction etiology have suggested PAI risk reflects an interaction between two internal cognitive systems: appetitive motivation for alcohol (AMA) impelling alcohol seeking and use, and executive function (EF) regulating the influence of appetitive drives. This Dual Process Model has been highly influential, but prior studies have failed to support its main interaction hypothesis. We argue this failure is attributable to weaknesses in the rigor of prior research, and propose several innovative refinements to the DPM framework to improve its predictive utility. First, individual differences in AMA and EF have not been adequately characterized in prior studies, most of which represent these constructs with single indicators. Innovations in neuroclinical assessment indicate that neurobehavioral trait constructs are better characterized with measures representing self-report, behavioral, and neurophysiological units of analysis. Second, DPMs assume risk for PAI reflects only the influence of internal processes, implying no role for context. This is a major limitation, as strong evidence indicates that both environmental contexts (e.g., legal constraints; alcohol access) and alcohol exposure (e.g., acute effects of alcohol on EF and AMA) strongly affect the extent to which person-level factors relate to PAI. Finally, given that PAI behaviors are the result of decisions people make while drinking, accounting for heterogeneity in drinking-related decision strategies can improve prediction of PAI, including the role of DPM constructs. We propose a multi-session, within-subject alcohol challenge experiment, combined with online follow-up assessments, structured to take advantage of the abrupt change in contextual factors that occurs with transition to the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA; i.e., 21st birthday). This transition broadly increases risk for PAI within persons, but little is known about the role of specific etiologic factors in this increased risk. Participants (N=220) will be recruited from rural census tracts in mid-Missouri, identified through state administrative and driver’s license databases. Such individuals are broadly underrepresented in PAI research, particularly alcohol challenge research, and tend to experience more chronic (less transient) and severe PAI than their relatively advantaged, college-attending age peers. This sampling approach al...