Project Summary/Abstract This project will continue the collection of data on children in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) under Grant R01-HD052646. The current grant has supported the relaunch of the PSID Child Development Supplement (CDS) through two major waves of data collection in 2014 and 2019, funding the collection of panel data on a new generation of children in PSID families who were all born after the launch of the original CDS cohort in 1997. Six waves of CDS have been conducted and a seventh is underway: three on the original cohort of children (in 1997, 2002, and 2007) and three completed (in 2014, 2019, and 2020) and one currently in the field (2021) on the next generation of children. Our goal is to conduct a new wave of CDS in 2023 that will complete the transformation of CDS from a cohort design, reflected in the original CDS, to an ongoing panel in which all children aged 0–17 years in PSID families are interviewed at least three times (4–5 years apart) over the course of childhood and in which the sample is refreshed each wave by adding children born since the previous wave. Steady-state data from the new, ongoing CDS will allow studies of health, develop- ment, and well-being in childhood; the relationship between children’s characteristics and contemporaneous family decisionmaking and behavior; and the effects of childhood factors on subsequent social, demographic, economic, and health outcomes over the entire life course for these individuals as they are followed into the future as part of the ongoing PSID. Further, CDS-2023 will provide an unparalleled new resource for studying the effects of Covid-19 on children and families in the US. Data collection for CDS-2019 was largely complete when the pandemic began, providing invaluable baseline data. Subsequent outcomes are being tracked through limited follow-up waves in 2020 and 2021. CDS-2023 will provide a comprehensive assessment of the effects of Covid-19 on children’s outcomes. The specific aims are to: (1) design and field a new wave of CDS in 2023, collecting data on all PSID children aged 0–17 years through interviews with primary caregivers (typi- cally one of the child’s parents) and older children aged 8–17 years; (2) conduct assessments of reading and math skills, collect weekday and weekend time diaries, and obtain saliva samples (for subsequent genetic analysis) for all children and their primary caregivers; and (3) process, document, and distribute the new CDS data, with scale composites, time diary recodes, and individual-level links to detailed school data from the Na- tional Center for Education Statistics (NCES). CDS-2023 will provide rich, comprehensive, and up-to-date in- formation on a large, nationally representative sample of children that includes an over-sample of African American children and a newly refreshed representative sample of children in immigrant families. These data will be available free of charge through the CDS Online Data Ce...