Project Summary Bacterial drug resistance is a significant global health threat that has turned once treatable bacterial infections (including Gram-positive infections) into deadly illnesses. To overcome this serious threat to human health, completely novel antibiotics are needed. The T-box riboswitch is a noncoding RNA that regulates the expression of essential genes in many Gram-positive bacteria (including pathogenic examples), thus making it a unique target for novel antibacterial agents. A key component of the T-box riboswitch regulatory mechanism involves tRNA binding to the highly conserved antiterminator RNA element--an excellent target for drug discovery. This project will explore the rational design of allosteric modulators of T-box antiterminator RNA function and compare their efficacy to that of competitive inhibitors. No therapeutic agents are currently known to specifically target the T-box riboswitch. This supplement request proposal seeks to replace a 14-year old microplate reader that is failing. Replacement of this essential piece of equipment will enable us to fulfill the specific aims of the parent award. The proposed research is unchanged from the parent award where we planned to use computational methods to design the next generation of compounds that inhibit T-box riboswitch function, then synthesize and test them in high throughput screening assays followed by characterization of RNA binding mode. Achievement of the proposed specific aims of the parent award will improve scientific knowledge by developing design strategies to identify inhibitors (including allosteric modulators) of RNA function and by exploring the most effective chemical space features of these small molecules. This information will be significant for antibacterial drug discovery targeting the T-box riboswitch and also for the still emerging broader field of targeting noncoding regulatory RNA in general for antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer and other drug discovery efforts. In the process, a team of primarily undergraduate students will gain first-hand experience working on an innovative drug discovery project that will inspire them to consider careers in biomedical research.