No studies to date have addressed community-based harm reduction vending machine (HRVM) reach and effectiveness in harm reduction supply access and decreasing health disparities among racial and ethnic minorities, persons experiencing homelessness (PEH), and justice- involved individuals. The long-term goal is to determine if HRVMs provide an equitable approach to accessing harm reduction supplies and improve health outcomes among people who use drugs (PWUDs) with multiple vulnerabilities. The objective of this proposal complements the overall research aims of the parent study and will explore the opportunity structures that affect utilization and dispensation rates of harm reduction supplies, including naloxone, from a community-based HRVM and understanding perceptions about accessibility and acceptability of the community-based HRVM compared to traditional harm reduction approaches. The central hypothesis is that HRVMs will increase equitable access to harm reduction supplies. The rationale underlying this proposal is that Black and Latine populations as well as PEH and justice-involved individuals experience higher risk of opioid-related overdose, yet PWUDs with multiple vulnerabilities experience a multitude of barriers to accessing harm reduction supplies, including naloxone. The proposed work in conjunction with the parent grant aims to inform the development of evidence-based, equitable, low-resource, and low-threshold harm reduction approaches to address opioid-related morbidity and mortality. The central hypothesis will be tested by pursuing two specific aims: 1) Evaluate accessibility and acceptability of the HRVM to dispense harm reduction supplies as compared to traditional harm reduction distribution approaches among Latine and Black Americans as well as PEH and justice-involved persons; 2) Determine the extent to which opportunity structures affect utilization and dispensation rates of harm reduction supplies from the HVRM among PWUDs with multiple vulnerabilities. We will pursue these aims by conducting a mixed methods study, including 200 cross-sectional surveys and 20 qualitative interviews with HRVM program participants. The proposed research is significant, because it is the first study to explore the accessibility and acceptability of a community-based HRVM dispensing naloxone and other harm reduction supplies as well as to examine the extent to which opportunity structures affect utilization and dispensation rates of harm reduction supplies from the HRVM on a longitudinal basis. This work will develop foundational resources that will be used by other researchers for equitable harm reduction approaches to increasing naloxone engagement and re-engagement.