Project Summary/Abstract In response to NOT-OD-24-031 Notice of Special Interest (NOSI, we propose to conduct research on bioethical issues in the return of individual research results (IRR) that would support the development of an evidence base to inform future policy directions. We intend to capitalize on a unique opportunity to assess the views of a large number of research participants at Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC) who constitute an unusual sample in two critical ways: 1) they are highly diverse; and 2) all will already have received IRR as part of the NHGRI-sponsored eMERGE-IV study. We will use this sample to explore the experiences and preferences of people with lived experience of receiving their own research results. A consensus has evolved that IRR should be offered for return to research participants, as summarized in a 2018 report by the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine. Most of the extant studies address the return of genetic/genomic results and show a strong desire to receive individual results and largely benign responses to those results. Although outside the realm of genetics the body of literature on return of research results is much smaller (e.g., for receipt of disease-associated biomarkers), similar albeit somewhat more variable findings have been demonstrated. Participants’ consistent preferences to receive individual research results have led to calls to focus future research on the major outstanding questions involved in return of results: which results should be offered for return, when should results be returned, how should results be returned, and what participant characteristics may help to identify and satisfy participant preferences? Ascertaining experienced participants’ views on these issues is the key focus of this proposal, expanding the focus to a broader range of research results (e.g., biomedical markers of health, behavior, and environmental exposures) and analyzed through four Specific Aims exploring: 1) How do research participants’ preferences for return of individual research results vary by type of result? 2) How are participants’ preferences affected by their demographic characteristics, including race/ethnicity, education, income, and health insurance status? 3) To what extent are participants’ preferences for return of individual research results affected by their perceptions of the potential benefits and risks of their receipt? 4) What are participants’ preferences for the means of IRR and the information and support that should accompany them? Our results will inform future studies, policies and practices for the return of study results at Columbia, within the CTSA consortium, and across the larger biomedical community.