Project Summary The TARA cohort is located in Mozambique and is currently overseen by Dr. Maria Lain in collaboration with Dr. Savita Pahwa at the University of Miami (RF1/RF4). As noted in the attached request-The TARA Cohort “is unique in that only one third of the cohort are observed to be virologically suppressed over the first year of ART, with the remainder showing no virologic suppression or intermittent virologic control. This cohort has provided important insights into the capacity of the infant immune system innate and adaptive immune responses to HIV through natural exposure to autologous virus. The cohort has also contributed to the development of novel single-cell technologies to probe the immune responses to HIV at the single-cell level, with critical importance to assay development planned in RF4 for more widespread application. The second cohort is the Ucwaningo Lwabantwana Cohort in KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa, overseen by Dr. Moherndran Archary in collaboration with Dr. Philip Goulder (RF2). The cohort has been enrolling mother-child pairs since 2015 and has enrolled over 266 pairs. The funding requested is necessary for each of the teams to continue to maintain the cohort to complete the scheduled visits, as well as processing and storage of blood samples for the study questions. Pivotal to Pediatric HIV Cure research, is the novel scientific finding of sex differences in susceptibility to in utero HIV infection and remission outcomes. In this cohort, Dr. Goulder and his colleagues have reported on increase susceptibility of females to in utero HIV and remission outcomes in males only. Maintenance of this cohort is quintessential to understanding sex differences in perinatal HIV infection. The third cohort for which support is being requested is for the Gold Study cohort. This Cohort is based at the Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu (FAMCRU) at Stellenbosch University, where Dr. Mark Cotton is the PI (RF1), as well as at the Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU) at Wits Health Consortium, where Dr. Caroline Tiemessen is the PI (RF1). This cohort is critical for the successful completion of the ongoing CNS studies underway through a supplement to the PAVE MDC from the Office of AIDS Research. This cohort is approximately 40 participants at each site. The support requested will cover the costs of the yearly health checks, as well as monthly peer support groups, for research participation and discussions around spinal taps and neuroimaging to assess CNS as a reservoir in perinatal infection. These activities are deemed as critical for study retention, which will ultimately impact on the scientific discoveries within PAVE.