Project Summary Research goals for the R37 extension (Year 6-10): We maintain the overarching goal of understanding variation in response to reading remediation in reading disabled (RD) learners with dynamic brain/behavior tracking designed to yield novel insights into how remediation modifies brain organization for reading, and why it fails to do so adequately for some RD children. In the proposed continuation, we leverage major discoveries from the initial phase on reliable cognitive and neurobiological predictors of differential responsiveness to conventional in-school treatments (the how and why) to next examine what might constitute a more effective code training and neurocognitive focus for these low-responders. The obvious next steps are: 1) to understand the neurocognitive reasons why children exhibit this component processing variability by systematically examining basic processing capacities for each component dimension, at both the cognitive and neural levels of analysis. (Aim 2A); 2) to follow this with targeted adaptive learning experiments (2-3 days) focused on how profiles (measured in Aim 2A) predict neurocognitive responses to focused code learning experiments (Aim 2B); and finally, 3) to build upon key neurocognitive insights from both Aims 2A and 2B and transition to examining realistic short-term treatment opportunities (14 weeks; Aim 2C). These extended “proto-treatment“ studies will employ Education Technology to deliver varied content that differentially places the training focus on O, P, or S component processing dimensions at different points during training, and with neurocognitive predictors and concurrent imaging during this extended treatment develop and test brain-based models of learner by content interactions. (The use of Education Technology is encouraged by its successful employment in the current grant cycle and in two other federally funded projects that our team is conducting.) We will build upon our progress with both pre-treatment brain imaging (with fMRI/MRS) and frequent sampling of dynamic brain/behavior changes (with integrated fNIRS/EEG tracking) during learning opportunities at different timescales to further our understanding of the dynamics of brain/behavior dependencies in code learning and how treatment modulates these inter-related levels of analysis. We will recruit waves of TD and RD cohorts (total N = 180; ages 7- 8) to participate in all Aim 2 studies.