Summary Cannabis use disorder (CUD) affects at least 10% of the 193 million individuals that use cannabis worldwide. Cannabis is frequently promoted as a sleep aid despite conclusive evidence to support such benefits. Further, abrupt cessation of regular cannabis use is associated with sleep disturbances, often leading to reinitiating cannabis use. Thus, while the mechanisms by which cannabis regulates sleep remains unclear, the escalation and/or maintenance of hazardous levels of cannabis use likely involve a bidirectional (and mutually reinforcing) relationship between sleep and cannabis use. In this prospective mechanistic randomized control study, we will determine the impact of sleep restriction or extension on the amount of cannabis use and in turn the impact of this cannabis use on sleep continuity and sleep homeostasis, a pivotal component of sleep regulation. To examine this bidirectional relationship between sleep and cannabis use, as well as the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis as a potential mediator, 60 participants (20 healthy controls, 20 with moderate cannabis use, and 20 with severe CUD) aged 21-29 years (a demographic with the highest prevalence of risky cannabis use and CUD) will complete a three-week randomized control study that includes: (1) an ecological momentary assessment, involving daily surveys delivered via phone four to five times per day to record daily sleep behaviors (time in/out of bed, napping), cannabis use (time, method, product), and motivation for cannabis use; (2) continuous actigraphy to objectively measure sleep; and (3) two 4-night in-laboratory sleep protocols to assess systematic responses to both sleep restriction and sleep extension, utilizing a randomized, counterbalanced, crossover design. Laboratory measurements will include sleep quality, quantity and dynamics (via full polysomnography; PSG), circulating cannabinoids before and after sleep (via venous blood), and cortisol (via saliva). This mixed-method ap