Project Summary/Abstract: The uniform lethality of glioblastoma (GBM) with a survival of less than 2 years despite best available therapy is attributed to treatment resistance due to DNA repair mechanisms that drive disease relapse and tumor heterogeneity. One prognostic factor identified as a reliable biomarker for GBM sensitivity to temozolomide (TMZ) and radiotherapy (RT) is the overexpression of O6-methylguanine-methyl- transferase (MGMT) enzyme. Patients with active MGMT were found to receive little benefit from TMZ and RT and represent a group of great unmet need with no treatment options that significantly improve survival. Recently, several preclinical and clinical studies suggest that alcohol aversion drug, disulfiram (DSF), inhibited MGMT and improved the efficacy of TMZ in GBM when combined with copper (Cu). However, phase II trial showed that there was no survival benefit from oral Cu/DSF. Nevertheless, the major limitation of oral Cu/DSF has been delivery of fragile DSF within the in vivo system. We have developed 2-hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin (HPßCD) encapsulating Cu complex of DSF metabolite, diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DDC), Cu(DDC)2 delivery system that addresses major drawbacks of the Cu(DDC)2: easy degradation in the blood and non-specific interactions with cells and serum proteins and lack of tissue specific delivery. HPßCD providing stability of Cu(DDC)2 is identified. In vitro cell culture study revealed that HPßCD-Cu(DDC)2 inhibited MGMT through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Inhibition of MGMT activity in cell cultures vastly increased the alkylation-induced DNA double-strand breaks, cytotoxicity, and the levels of apoptotic markers like -H2AX, JNK-P and cleavage of PARP-1. Preliminary intravenous delivery of HPßCD- Cu(DDC)2 in combination with TMZ in an MGMT-positive patient derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model demonstrated tumor size regression with prolonged survival. HPßCD-Cu(DDC)2 targets MGMT-145-cysteine and its unique cy