# A new animal model to elucidate mechanisms of gene regulation and embryonic patterning

> **NIH GM R35** · HARVARD UNIVERSITY · 2025 · $348,059

## Abstract

Project Summary
Hox genes serve as critical regulators of developmental processes. Disruption of their function during
embryogenesis results in dramatic “homeotic” phenotypes where regions of the body are transformed from one
identity to another. In humans, these disruptions can lead to malformation of the face, ears, limbs, and
genitalia, as well as neural defects and cancer. In many animal genomes, the Hox genes are found in clusters:
in vertebrates, these clusters are compact, while those of invertebrates are more loosely arranged or
fragmented. While still poorly understood, the structure of the Hox cluster is hypothesized to be important in
regulating their deployment. However, this is difficult to study in vertebrates as their genomes encode multiple
Hox clusters that are the result of whole genome duplications. While invertebrates typically have a single
complement of Hox genes, many invertebrate Hox clusters are disrupted, including those found in the classic
invertebrate model systems like flies and nematodes.
To address this deficit, we have developed resources and tools for studying cephalopod molluscs (squid and
octopus), including chromosome-scale genome assemblies, extensive transcriptomics, and tools for gene
manipulation. Through this work, we have found that cephalopods have a single, intact, but massively
expanded Hox cluster. In fact, they encode the largest Hox clusters yet described – the squid Hox cluster is
two orders of magnitude larger than those found in humans. Conservation of the Hox cluster in cephalopods is
particularly striking given that their genomes are otherwise highly rearranged relative to other animals. Notably,
we have found that cephalopod Hox genes exhibit the canonical, collinear nested domains of expression,
suggesting that elements of the ancestral regulatory program are retained in cephalopods despite the dramatic
increase in cluster size. Surprisingly, our preliminary knockout data suggest that loss of a Hox gene results

## Key facts

- **NIH application ID:** 11517270
- **Project number:** 7R35GM147273-05
- **Recipient organization:** HARVARD UNIVERSITY
- **Principal Investigator:** Caroline B Albertin
- **Activity code:** R35 (R01, R21, SBIR, etc.)
- **Funding institute:** GM
- **Fiscal year:** 2025
- **Award amount:** $348,059
- **Award type:** 7
- **Project period:** 2022-09-01T00:00:00 → 2027-08-31T00:00:00

## Primary source

NIH RePORTER: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/11517270

## Citation

> US National Institutes of Health, RePORTER application 11517270, A new animal model to elucidate mechanisms of gene regulation and embryonic patterning (7R35GM147273-05). Retrieved via AI Analytics 2026-07-13 from https://api.ai-analytics.org/grant/nih/11517270. Licensed CC0.

---

*[NIH grants dataset](/datasets/nih-grants) · CC0 1.0*