The poor survival, high prevalence of smoking and alcohol use, and advanced stage at diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in the VA population necessitates further study into new management strategies for squamous cell carcinoma. Over the past few years, emerging immunotherapy approaches, such as adoptive cell transfer, have highlighted the importance of understanding and manipulating the tumor microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment in ESCC is understudied. In this proposal, we focus on determining the role of eosinophils, a key component of the microenvironment, in ESCC. We have generated preliminary data demonstrating the presence of eosinophils in human ESCC tumors but not in tumor-adjacent tissue. We then established and characterized the 4-nitroquinolone-1-oxide (4-NQO) murine model of as a feasible model for determining the function of eosinophils in the tumor microenvironment. We show that, in the 4-NQO model, eosinophils are constantly being produced by the bone marrow, recruited specifically to areas of esophageal dysplasia as in human ESCC, and not present in areas without dysplasia. Additionally, Eotaxin-1 (CCL11), a potent eosinophil chemoattractant, is induced in areas of dysplasia. These observations suggest that eosinophils play a tumor specific role and are not the result of a more general inflammatory response. While the 4-NQO model will be employed to generate a broader understanding of eosinophils’ role in tumorigenesis, sophisticated co-culture techniques the we have developed provide mechanistic insights into eosinophil activation and function in tumor biology. In this proposal we show that eosinophils co-cultured with esophageal cells increases apoptosis, decreases viability, and alters the cytokine profile of epithelial cells, increasing expression of TNF-a and IL-2, IL-8, and IL-10. Furthermore, eosinophils, which produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), have increased expression of eosinophil peroxidase after co-culture with epithelial cells. This is significant as eosinophil peroxidase is known to catalyze the oxidation of halides and thiocyanate, resulting in the release of cytotoxic reactive oxidant species. Taken together, these data suggest that eosinophils may decrease viability ESCC cells via release of ROS. Glutathione Peroxidase 1 (Gpx1), an abundant antioxidant enzyme expressed by eosinophils, catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide or lipid peroxidases to water. Here we independently propose that Gpx1 regulates ROS production by eosinophils, and the decrease in expression of Gpx1 by eosinophils after co-culture with esophageal epithelial cells suggests it is modified by the eosinophil- epithelial interaction. In light of these data and the recruitment of eosinophils specifically to areas of dysplasia and carcinoma in ESCC, our overarching hypothesis is that eosinophils are cytotoxic to tumor cells and thus are protective in ESCC. The specific aims for this project are: 1. To determine...