ABSTRACT Impaired tissue vascularization is a critical feature of peripheral artery disease (PAD) and diabetes and can lead to tissue necrosis and amputation. Several clinical strategies have been designed to increase revascularization in PAD patients beyond the current standard of care (e.g., endovascular procedures and bypass grafting), including delivery of growth factors and cell-based therapies. While variably successful, these therapies have limited efficacy in part because they do not address the underlying chronic inflammation, which is a primary feature of PAD and diabetes. Tissue revascularization is a critical component of normal wound- healing and is regulated in part by macrophages. Resolvins are a new family of lipid mediators biosynthesized during the resolution phase of inflammation by macrophages. Resolvins limit inflammatory signaling and neutrophil chemotaxis, while simultaneously promoting the clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages. In this funding period, we found that diabetes impairs resolution and that resolvins restore defective resolution and promote cutaneous wound healing in diabetes. Our recent results indicate that resolvins promote ischemic revascularization, suggesting that they have new roles in activating the wound-healing program. This renewal is designed to test the innovative hypothesis that resolvins generated by macrophages promote revascularization during hind limb ischemia (HLI). This hypothesis postulates that by resolving inflammation, resolvins can also rescue defective revascularization in atherosclerosis and diabetes. Specific aims of this application are: 1. Determine the biosynthesis and endogenous roles of resolvins in revascularization during HLI. We identified resolvin D1 (RvD1) and RvD2 in both skeletal muscle and bone marrow during HLI. Here, we will determine how their production relates to inflammation-resolution and revascularization, determine how resolvin production is affected by adoptive transfer of monocytes, and how genetic deficiency of recently identified RvD1 and RvD2 receptors impacts revascularization; 2. Delineate the mechanisms whereby resolvins enhance ischemic revascularization. We found that resolvins enhance limb perfusion during HLI by promoting arteriogenesis. In this aim, we will determine whether their actions in promoting arteriogenesis are affected by genetic deficiency of resolvin receptors in myeloid cells or endothelial cells and determine how resolvins regulate arteriogenic phenotypes of macrophages and endothelial cells; and 3. Assess whether resolvins promote revascularization in mice with pre-existing atherosclerosis or diabetes. We will determine how these chronic inflammatory diseases impact resolvin biosynthesis and eicosanoid tissue profiles and whether resolvins enhance revascularization while resolving inflammation. Completion of these aims will provide entirely new information about the biological functions of resolvins that could potentially lead to...