# Attentional, temperamental, and physiological process underlying anxiety in preschoolers with ASD

> **NIH NIH R01** · YALE UNIVERSITY · 2020 · $752,430

## Abstract

Project Summary
Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent in childhood and are associated with substantial impairment and
disability. Symptoms of anxiety are widespread in preschoolers with ASD, limiting their learning and social
interaction opportunities above and beyond difficulties related to core autism symptoms. Our preliminary work
suggests that temperamental precursors of anxiety are already elevated in the second year of life in ASD.
However, knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the emergence of anxiety symptoms in ASD remains
limited. This project will experimentally quantify attentional, affective, behavioral, physiological, and
temperamental factors associated with anxiety in 4-year-olds with ASD (n=160), other developmental disorders
and concerns (ATYP, n=80), and typical development (TYP, n=80). We will investigate the associations
between affective attentional biases to threat (ABT) and emotional-regulatory functions as well as the
hypothesized, but relatively unexplored, role of these features in emerging anxiety in ASD. ABT represents a
rapid attentional response to threat that is evidenced by longer latencies required to decouple attention from
threatening stimuli. ABT is among the best-replicated neurobehavioral markers of clinical and subclinical
anxiety. Decreasing this bias lowers anxiety symptoms in school-age children, implicating ABT in maintenance
of anxiety. Give that attentional system has been implicated in ASD, ABT offers an unexplored but highly
innovative and generative framework for investigating mechanisms underlying the emergence of anxiety in
very young children with ASD. The key questions in this proposal are: (1) Are children with ASD more biased
toward or away from threat than other 4-year-olds? (2) Is ABT associated with anxiety severity in 4-year-olds
with and without ASD? (3) What role do the facets of ABT play in the emergence of anxiety symptoms from 2
to 4 years? (4) Given the heterogeneity of anxiety expression in early childhood, can we identify homogeneous
subgroups based on neurobehavioral and physiological measures across diagnostic categories that will inform
about unique underlying mechanisms and novel treatment targets or strategies? To answer these questions,
we will evaluate anxiety-related aspects of attention in response to threat using an eye-tracking attention
disengagement task developed and tested in our lab. We will also examine in vivo reactivity to threat at
affective, attentional, and physiological levels. Combining these multimodal indices of response to threat will
allow for quantification of anxiety-related features in an unparalleled manner and evaluation of each feature's
unique contributions to clinical phenotypes, at the time when anxiety symptoms first become apparent. By
focusing our investigation on 4-year-olds we aim to identify, essential from a translational standpoint, the early
“developmental tethers” that bias children's development toward maladaptive pathways. Furt...

## Key facts

- **NIH application ID:** 9853847
- **Project number:** 5R01MH111652-04
- **Recipient organization:** YALE UNIVERSITY
- **Principal Investigator:** KATARZYNA CHAWARSKA
- **Activity code:** R01 (R01, R21, SBIR, etc.)
- **Funding institute:** NIH
- **Fiscal year:** 2020
- **Award amount:** $752,430
- **Award type:** 5
- **Project period:** 2017-03-01 → 2022-01-31

## Primary source

NIH RePORTER: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9853847

## Citation

> US National Institutes of Health, RePORTER application 9853847, Attentional, temperamental, and physiological process underlying anxiety in preschoolers with ASD (5R01MH111652-04). Retrieved via AI Analytics 2026-05-22 from https://api.ai-analytics.org/grant/nih/9853847. Licensed CC0.

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