DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): As microbial genome sequencing becomes more widespread, the capacity of microorganisms to produce natural products is coming into better view. This competing renewal surveys this capacity using the latest in computational and expression screening and targets specific sub-classes of natural products that emerge from a fundamentally new platform for discovery of natural products from the microbial world. Described here is the pursuit of specific set of natural products and their gene clusters which have emerged from a new approach that achieves large-scale pairing of biosynthetic gene clusters with their small molecules for discovery. From a library of 178 actinobacteria strains, a genome-enabled metabolomics approach was used (a.k.a., "metabologenomics") to correctly identify natural products and correlate them with their biosynthetic gene clusters. The proposed research extends this method to examine unknown metabolites, tambromycin (Aim 1) and rimosamides (Aim 2), each with their respective clusters exhibiting unusual biosynthetic mechanisms and monomers, such as the new amino acid, "tambroline" (see Aim 1). In the first two aims, the precise structures, biosynthetic details and in the case of tambromycin-the protein binding target(s) of these new natural products will be studied and defined. In Aim 3a, a set of new gene cluster-compound pairs will be mined in silico for those that terminate in reductase domains, and therefore likely harbor electrophilic warheads from reductive off-loading from thiotemplate assembly lines. Aim 3b proposes an expansion of this gene-cluster focused approach to discovering new bioactive metabolites by targeted mining of metabologenomics data for other pharmacophores known to elicit bioactivity. The specific case of a new polyene antibiotic is put forth based on sequence data indicating the presence of multiple dehydrogenase domains within the biosynthetic cluster. Mining the microbial world with "metabologenomics" represents a major shift from past activities in this R01 grant (which led to 18 publications over the past granting period). With a set of new compounds and their biosynthetic gene clusters in hand, the investigators will pursue several of these in targeted mode. Beyond the direct impact of this proposal, the work provides a major path forward for an 'omics'-driven resurgence in natural products discovery. Such a resurgence promises a more deterministic path for structure- based discovery of natural products and to provide these structures at a rate not seen before in the field (a.k.a. "high throughput discovery" as described in recent literature). In essence, the proposed research will demonstrate the value of regularizing a microbial strain collection into a bona fide library of compounds, which are known to be expressed and possess particular sub-structures (e.g., an electrophilic warhead). These value propositions serve as motivating rationales to merge a new...