# Sex differences in glutamate and cigarette withdrawal states: a multimodal imaging study

> **NIH NIH F32** · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · 2020 · $65,310

## Abstract

PROJECT SUMMARY
 Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death and disease in the U.S., and women disproportionately
suffer some health consequences of smoking, such as heart disease and cervical cancer. Compared to men,
women experience stronger withdrawal symptoms and have more difficulty maintaining long-term abstinence
from smoking, and smoking-cessation treatments are not equally helpful to men and women. The underlying
differences in brain function that drive these male-female differences remain unknown, and understanding them
can guide development of personalized smoking-cessation therapies.
 Glutamatergic neurotransmission is a promising target for smoking cessation therapy, but male-female
differences that can impact the efficacy of glutamatergic treatments have not been investigated. Reducing
glutamate levels within the Salience Network, especially in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) may
facilitate smoking cessation. Smokers have higher glutamate (Glu) in the dACC than nonsmokers and exhibit a
positive correlation of dACC Glu with reactivity within the default-mode network to smoking-related cues. Given
these findings and sex differences in brain glutamate levels in healthy individuals, it is important to test for male-
female differences in the influence of dACC Glu on craving and negative states during withdrawal and their relief
after smoking, as well as the neural substrates that underlie these states.
 We will combine self-report measures with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI) to address three specific aims: Aim 1. Determine male-female differences in the
association of Glu signal in the dACC with cigarette craving and negative states during abstinence (negative
affect, psychological withdrawal, and anxiety). Aim 2. Determine male-female differences in the association of
Glu in the dACC with smoking-induced relief of craving and negative states (i.e., negative reinforcement); and
Aim 3. Determine male-female differences in the association of Glu in the dACC with resting-state functional
connectivity (rsFC) within and between large-scale neural networks. The aims of this project focus on pre-
smoking assessments of Glu in the dACC and rsFC of neural networks; however, pre- and post-smoking
assessments (self-report, fMRI, and MRS) will be completed in 60 smokers (30 men and 30 women) after
overnight (~12h) abstinence. Women will complete these assessments on 2 separate days, during the follicular
and luteal phases, to allow evaluation of menstrual-cycle and ovarian hormone effects.
 The findings can help advance development of personalized, sex-specific smoking cessation therapies.

## Key facts

- **NIH application ID:** 9911955
- **Project number:** 1F32DA049500-01A1
- **Recipient organization:** UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES
- **Principal Investigator:** Maylen Perez Diaz
- **Activity code:** F32 (R01, R21, SBIR, etc.)
- **Funding institute:** NIH
- **Fiscal year:** 2020
- **Award amount:** $65,310
- **Award type:** 1
- **Project period:** 2020-09-01 → 2022-08-31

## Primary source

NIH RePORTER: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9911955

## Citation

> US National Institutes of Health, RePORTER application 9911955, Sex differences in glutamate and cigarette withdrawal states: a multimodal imaging study (1F32DA049500-01A1). Retrieved via AI Analytics 2026-05-23 from https://api.ai-analytics.org/grant/nih/9911955. Licensed CC0.

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