C. Abstract (Human Phenotyping) The Human Phenotyping Core (HPC) and its two sub-cores (the Energy Balance and Behavioral sub-cores) directly support the research of NORC members by providing innovative clinical and intervention services to phenotype humans in mechanistic, clinical, and translational studies. The services o f t h e Energy Balance sub-core include methods to quantify body composition, energy expenditure, carbohydrate metabolism, and cardiorespiratory fitness. The services of the Behavioral sub-core include behavioral, cognitive, and psychological assessments; measurement of food intake in laboratory and free-living conditions; design and delivery of behavioral change interventions; and assessment of activity and sedentary behavior in free- living conditions. Over the first 10 years of NORC funding, the HPC: a) provided comprehensive services for human phenotyping in clinical research studies, b) developed and validated innovative phenotyping methods and interventions, c) established quality control procedures, and d) built a growing base of HPC users. In years 1-5, the majority of the HPC's effort focused on adult phenotyping. Over years 6-10, however, the HPC transitioned to include g reater emphasis on novel imaging techniques and methods to phenotype mothers, infants, and children. This is consistent with the NORC's theme of nutrition, obesity, and metabolic health through the lifespan. At each period of the lifespan, we conduct research to understand the mechanisms, prevention, and treatment of obesity; and our research focus areas have evolved to include a) maternal and infant nutritional status, b) pediatric and adulthood obesity, and c) nutritional status in older age to preserve physical and cognitive functionality. The Aims of the current renewal application to fund years 11-15 are: 1) provide members with a comprehensive suite of innovative energy balance and behavioral services to ongoing funded and collaborative research projects to enable the characterization of human subjects in clinical and translational research studies, and continue to expand services to phenotype individuals at specific stages of life, such as pregnancy and infancy, 2) provide specialist expertise to support clinical and translational research on nutrition, obesity and metabolic health at different stages of life, and continue to enhance our quality control procedures to provide efficient and high quality services, 3) sustain a human tissue bio-repository, including metabolic tissues (muscle, adipose) and biospecimens that are needed for ongoing fundamental and translational studies of nutrition, obesity, and metabolic health relative to pregnancy (placenta, cord blood), infancy (breast milk), and childhood, 4) expand imaging capabilities including food-intake-relevant fMRI, enhanced body composition and metabolism, and rodent imaging to increase the power and quality of our research results, and 5) proactively facilitate increased utilization of...