Project Abstract Degenerative cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is the most common cause of spinal cord injury (SCI) representing a significant public health problem. A major shortcoming limiting efforts to improve the treatment of patients with CSM is the lack of quantifiable metrics on which to base clinical decisions. Advanced MRI techniques, such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have shown promise in this area. DTI measures the magnitude, anisotropy, and directionality of water displacement in tissue and provides quantifiable measures of directional diffusivity along white matter tracts. While DTI provides a valuable tool to assess white matter integrity, unfortunately, we have found current DTI techniques are flawed because diffusion properties derived using DTI lose specificity and sensitivity with increasing pathological and anatomical complexity. Thus the prediction of long-term outcome using DTI remains uncertain. To overcome factors confounding DTI analysis, we developed diffusion basis spectrum imaging (DBSI), to more accurately delineate white matter injury, allowing differentiation and quantification of axonal injury/loss, demyelination, and inflammation in the setting of spinal cord compression. DBSI quantifies edema/tissue loss in addition to axon/myelin injury, providing improved imaging biomarkers that more accurately predict a patient's clinical course, response to therapy, and long-term prognosis. The long-term objective of this proposal is to establish and validate non-invasive imaging biomarkers that are predictors of clinical course and therapeutic response to surgical decompression in patients with CSM. The first aim will assess whether spinal cord DBSI pathological metrics reflect neurological impairments and predict long-term neurologic outcomes following decompressive spinal surgery in patients with CSM. This aim will test the hypothesis that clinical manifestations of spinal cord compression in mild CSM are predominantly a reflection of edema and inflammation, with a lower incidence of true axonal loss; In contrast the high variability of functional recovery observed in moderate CSM patients is attributable to a greater risk for permanent axonal loss caused by spinal cord compression. The second aim of this proposal, will refine DBSI modeling for assessing effects of blood flow deficits on spinal cord pathology and improving the accuracy of axonal loss quantification in CSM. This aim will test the hypothesis that the effect of spinal cord blood flow on CSM pathology may be assessed by including Intra-Voxel-Incoherent-Motion (IVIM) in DBSI modeling; the accuracy of DBSI-derived axon volume may be improved by including intra-axonal diffusion component in DBSI modeling. The identification and validation of such non-invasive DBSI biomarkers will provide guidance on clinical management, long-term prognosis, and family counseling. The validation of a non-invasive biomarker for predicting functional recovery in the surgic...