PROJECT SUMMARY The rapid spread of the Zika virus, which can have a significant impact on neurological disorders in unborn fetuses and potentially adults, the recent outbreak of the extremely virulent Ebola virus, periodic emergence of SARS, recurrent outbreaks of potentially pandemic strains of influenza such as H5N1, the continuing epidemic of MERS and the worldwide AIDS epidemic have highlighted a persistent concern in the health-care community -- the need for effective pathogen inactivation and removal techniques for human blood plasma and plasma-derived products. There is no commercially available, FDA-approved technology for the inactivation of non-enveloped viruses in pooled human plasma and biologics, and only one approved method for units of plasma, which can inactivate some, but not all known non-enveloped viruses. This dearth of FDA-approved pathogen inactivation technologies could pose a significant future threat for known and new viruses in human plasma and biologics. We propose to develop a physical pathogen inactivation technology, CFI™, for the inactivation of both non-enveloped and enveloped viruses as well as pathogenic bacteria and parasites in human plasma, plasma protein products and biologics. CFI™ technology is applicable to both pooled human plasma and units of plasma, the more globally significant focus of the current application. CFI™ (critical fluid inactivation) utilizes supercritical and near-critical fluids (SuperFluids™ or SFS). SuperFluids™ are normally gases which, when compressed, exhibit enhanced thermodynamic properties of solvation, penetration, selection and expansion. These gases are used to permeate and saturate virus and pathogen particles. The SFS-saturated particles then undergo decompression and, as a result of rapid phase conversion, virus inflation and rupture at their weakest points. We have demonstrated that the CFI™ (critical fluid inactivation) process inactivates both enveloped viruses such as MuLV, VSV, Sindbis, HIV (all completely inactivated), TGE, and BDVD, and the non-enveloped viruses Polio, Adeno, EMC (complete inactivation), Reo, and Parvo viruses, while preserving biological activity of the CFI-treated product. In research collaboration with the National Institute of Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), London, England, our CFI inactivated more than 4 logs of human Parvovirus B19 (one of the smallest and toughest viruses) in human plasma in a two-stage CFI™ unit in less than 20 seconds. We have also demonstrated that SFS can disrupt and inactivate microorganisms such as E. coli, thick-walled prokaryotes such as Bacillus subtilis and tough eukaryotes such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae at viral inactivation SFS conditions. CFI can be used with viral reduction methods such as nanofiltration as an orthogonal method of pathogen clearance, and is versatile for refinement to treat cellular blood. The present data have been generated using prototypes of our pilot-scale CFI unit. Our Phase I ...