PROJECT SUMMARY The primary objective of the Pediatric Hematology Research Training Program, which is entering its 40th year of funding, has been to prepare individuals – mostly pediatric hematology/oncology fellows – interested in pediatric benign hematology for careers in academic medicine and biomedical research. We believe that this is a highly underserved area of research, that our Division has excelled in providing such training, and that this T32 has over the years been key to that success. This post-doctors only T32 has 4 slots per year. Of the 30 trainees on this T32, 21 are in academic faculty positions – mostly in pediatric benign hematology, 3 in senior private industry/ government positions and 3 are current trainees. Specific aims of this T32 include (1) the provision of research training opportunities in a wide variety of basic and clinical research areas that are of keen interest to present day research interests including studies of the hemoglobinopathies and other anemias, hemostasis and thrombosis, megakaryocytes and platelet development, immunohematology, stem cell development and bone marrow failure with a focus on translating these efforts by regenerative medicine technologies, cellular therapeutics and gene therapy to patient care; (2) the opportunity for structured coursework in bioinformatics, cell and molecular biology, immunology, biochemistry, gene transfer, biostatistics, epidemiology and research design; (3) careful monitoring of the progress of individual trainees, the overall success of the training program, and working towards individuals reaching the appropriate next academic milestones using a novel “step-wise academic monitoring” to carry the fellows from their clinical years to the early assistant professor years; and (4) an emphasis on skills and accomplishments critical for successful academic careers such as preparation of manuscripts, presentations at seminars and national meetings, submission of grant applications, detailed bioethical training and training in mentoring. The training faculty consists of a closely-knit group of physicians and scientists who have strong records as mentors and productive investigators, who have competed successfully for NIH and other federal funding, and who have largely interacted for many years in training and research activities. Additional trainers include others on the Children's Hospital and University of Pennsylvania combined campus that would bring in key skills to a mentoring team that we believe are important for our trainees to acquire and by the recruitment of new, outstanding faculty members, and establishing contacts with industry that can provide insights into how to translate research into a clinical reality. The program has been successful in the research training of minority students at all levels to increase the numbers of these individuals in biomedical careers. Thus, we believe that despite a national trend away from pediatric subspecialty research traini...